Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 111

But the use of these implements is doubtless of a comparatively recent date, as nearly all the natives in that part use wooden hoes lashed on to the bent handles with tie-tie.

Who acts: use, natives, wooden hoes · What happens: be, use, lash on · To what, where: implements

This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (use, natives, wooden hoes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	But	but	CCONJ	_	8 doubtless	cc
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 use	det
3	use	use	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 doubtless	nsubj
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 implements	case
5	these	this	DET	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	6 implements	det
6	implements	implement	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 use	nmod
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 doubtless	cop
8	doubtless	doubtless	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
9	of	of	ADP	_	13 date	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 date	det
11	comparatively	comparatively	ADV	_	12 recent	advmod
12	recent	recent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 date	amod
13	date	date	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 doubtless	obl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 use	punct
15	as	as	SCONJ	_	23 use	mark
16	nearly	nearly	ADV	_	17 all	advmod
17	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	19 natives	det:predet
18	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	19 natives	det
19	natives	native	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 use	nsubj
20	in	in	ADP	_	22 part	case
21	that	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	22 part	det
22	part	part	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 natives	nmod
23	use	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 doubtless	parataxis
24	wooden	wooden	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 hoes	amod
25	hoes	hoe	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 lashed	nsubj
26	lashed	lash	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	23 use	ccomp
27	on	on	ADP	_	26 lashed	compound:prt
28	to	to	ADP	_	31 handles	case
29	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	31 handles	det
30	bent	bent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 handles	amod
31	handles	handle	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 lashed	obl
32	with	with	ADP	_	35 tie	case
33	tie	tie	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 tie	compound
34	-	-	PUNCT	_	33 tie	punct
35	tie	tie	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 lashed	obl
36	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 doubtless	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	present	the use of this implements		of a recent date; doubtless property	tree rules
2	use	present	all natives in that part			vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
3	lash on	past	wooden hoes		to the bent handles; with tie tie	vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP PP.co-patient PP.instrument»: agent=Agent to handle=Co-Patient with tie=Instrument
4	use			this implements		nom use «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/111/

🌲 Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 111

The tree

Pragmatics

Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 111