Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 112
In the country mentioned, all trade was and is still done by a system of barter and exchange.
Who acts: system · What happens: mention, do · To what, where: country, trade
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (system), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 country | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 country | det |
| 3 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 mentioned | obl |
| 4 | mentioned | mention | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 done | punct |
| 6 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 7 trade | det |
| 7 | trade | trade | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 done | nsubj |
| 8 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 done | aux:pass |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 done | cc |
| 10 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 done | aux:pass |
| 11 | still | still | ADV | _ | 12 done | advmod |
| 12 | done | do | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 mentioned | conj |
| 13 | by | by | ADP | _ | 15 system | case |
| 14 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 system | det |
| 15 | system | system | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 done | obl |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 barter | case |
| 17 | barter | barter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 system | nmod |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 exchange | cc |
| 19 | exchange | exchange | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 system | conj |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 mentioned | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mention speech: other | past | the country | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | do | past · passive | a system of barter and exchange | all trade | still | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/112/