Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 12
In all cases they have had to be translated by an interpreter, and frequently it has been found necessary to employ two.
Who acts: cases, interpreter · What happens: have, translate, find, employ · To what, where: cases, interpreter, two
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (cases, interpreter), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 cases | case |
| 2 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 3 cases | det |
| 3 | cases | case | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 had | obl |
| 4 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 had | nsubj |
| 5 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 had | aux |
| 6 | had | have | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 7 | to | to | PART | _ | 9 translated | mark |
| 8 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 9 translated | aux:pass |
| 9 | translated | translate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 had | xcomp |
| 10 | by | by | ADP | _ | 12 interpreter | case |
| 11 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 interpreter | det |
| 12 | interpreter | interpreter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 translated | obl:agent |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 found | punct |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 found | cc |
| 15 | frequently | frequently | ADV | _ | 19 found | advmod |
| 16 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 found | nsubj:pass |
| 17 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 found | aux |
| 18 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 19 found | aux:pass |
| 19 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 had | parataxis |
| 20 | necessary | necessary | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 found | xcomp |
| 21 | to | to | PART | _ | 22 employ | mark |
| 22 | employ | employ | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 20 necessary | xcomp |
| 23 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 22 employ | obj |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 had | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present · perfect | cases = case | all cases | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | translate | to-infinitive · passive | a interpreter | vn turn-26.6.1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 3 | find | present · perfect · passive | interpreter | frequently, necessary property | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic | ||||
| 4 | employ | to-infinitive | interpreter not said here | two | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent two=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/12/