Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 72
It must seem incredible to people at home that a man can die because a ju-ju has been made against him--for example, two sticks crossed on the path with, say, a rotten egg and a fowl stuck on a stick, the man’s name having been “called.”
Who acts: It, man, name · What happens: seem, die, make, cross, say, stick · To what, where: that, ju ju, two sticks, path, rotten egg, fowl · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (It, man, name), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 seem | nsubj |
| 2 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 3 seem | aux |
| 3 | seem | seem | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 4 | incredible | incredible | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 seem | xcomp |
| 5 | to | to | ADP | _ | 6 people | case |
| 6 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 die | obl |
| 7 | at | at | ADP | _ | 8 home | case |
| 8 | home | home | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 people | nmod |
| 9 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 13 die | obj |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 man | det |
| 11 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 die | nsubj |
| 12 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 13 die | aux |
| 13 | die | die | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 seem | conj |
| 14 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 21 made | mark |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 ju | det |
| 16 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 ju | compound |
| 17 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 16 ju | punct |
| 18 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 made | nsubj:pass |
| 19 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 made | aux |
| 20 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 21 made | aux:pass |
| 21 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 13 die | advcl |
| 22 | against | against | ADP | _ | 23 him | case |
| 23 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 made | obl |
| 24 | -- | -- | PUNCT | _ | 26 example | punct |
| 25 | for | for | ADP | _ | 26 example | case |
| 26 | example | example | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 made | obl |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 sticks | punct |
| 28 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 29 sticks | nummod |
| 29 | sticks | stick | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 made | obl |
| 30 | crossed | cross | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 29 sticks | acl |
| 31 | on | on | ADP | _ | 33 path | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 path | det |
| 33 | path | path | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 crossed | obl |
| 34 | with | with | ADP | _ | 30 crossed | obl |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 say | punct |
| 36 | say | say | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 13 die | conj |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 egg | punct |
| 38 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 40 egg | det |
| 39 | rotten | rotten | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 egg | amod |
| 40 | egg | egg | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 say | obj |
| 41 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 43 fowl | cc |
| 42 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 43 fowl | det |
| 43 | fowl | fowl | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 egg | conj |
| 44 | stuck | stick | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 43 fowl | acl |
| 45 | on | on | ADP | _ | 47 stick | case |
| 46 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 47 stick | det |
| 47 | stick | stick | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 stuck | obl |
| 48 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 52 name | punct |
| 49 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 50 man | det |
| 50 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 name | nmod:poss |
| 51 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 50 man | case |
| 52 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 egg | conj |
| 53 | having | have | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 52 name | acl |
| 54 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 56 called | aux:pass |
| 55 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 56 called | punct |
| 56 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 53 having | xcomp |
| 57 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 seem | punct |
| 58 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 seem | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | seem | must | It | incredible property | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | die | can | a man | that | to people at home | tree rules | |||
| 3 | make | present · perfect · passive | a ju ju | against man; for example; two sticks obl | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: subject=Product for example=Asset | ||||
| 4 | cross | participle | two sticks not said here | the path | vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | say speech: assert | infinitive | a man not said here | a rotten egg and a fowl and the man's name | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent egg=Topic | ||||
| 6 | stick | participle | a fowl not said here | a stick | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme on stick=Destination | ||||
| 7 | have | gerund | the man's name not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 8 | call in a quote | participle · passive | the man's name not said here | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V» | |||||
| 9 | name | the man | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/72/