Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xiii.--of Chief Amaza, His Wife Achi and the Tortoise., sentence 48
He soon discovered that the tortoise had sacrificed himself for the child, and that the child would therefore live, but he warned the chief that the Ekpinon ju-ju walked about when the sun was high up in the sky, and that he must never allow the child to go out in the middle of the day, as the ju-ju would kill him.
Who acts: Aja, child, Ekpinon, sun, ju ju · What happens: discover, sacrifice, live, warn, walk, be · To what, where: tortoise, chief, sky, child, middle, Aja · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xiii.--of Chief Amaza, His Wife Achi and the Tortoise.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Aja, child, Ekpinon, sun), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 discovered | nsubj |
| 2 | soon | soon | ADV | Degree=Pos | 3 discovered | advmod |
| 3 | discovered | discover | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 8 sacrificed | mark |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 tortoise | det |
| 6 | tortoise | tortoise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 sacrificed | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 sacrificed | aux |
| 8 | sacrificed | sacrifice | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 discovered | ccomp |
| 9 | himself | himself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 8 sacrificed | obj |
| 10 | for | for | ADP | _ | 12 child | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 child | det |
| 12 | child | child | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 sacrificed | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 live | punct |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 live | cc |
| 15 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 20 live | mark |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 child | det |
| 17 | child | child | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 live | nsubj |
| 18 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 20 live | aux |
| 19 | therefore | therefore | ADV | _ | 20 live | advmod |
| 20 | live | live | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 discovered | conj |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 warned | punct |
| 22 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 24 warned | cc |
| 23 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 warned | nsubj |
| 24 | warned | warn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 discovered | parataxis |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 chief | det |
| 26 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 warned | obj |
| 27 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 33 walked | mark |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 Ekpinon | det |
| 29 | Ekpinon | Ekpinon | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 walked | nsubj |
| 30 | ju | ju | PROPN | Number=Sing | 29 Ekpinon | flat |
| 31 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 32 ju | punct |
| 32 | ju | ju | PROPN | Number=Sing | 29 Ekpinon | conj |
| 33 | walked | walk | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 24 warned | ccomp |
| 34 | about | about | ADV | _ | 33 walked | advmod |
| 35 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 40 up | advmod |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 sun | det |
| 37 | sun | sun | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 up | nsubj |
| 38 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 40 up | cop |
| 39 | high | high | ADV | Degree=Pos | 40 up | advmod |
| 40 | up | up | ADV | _ | 33 walked | advcl |
| 41 | in | in | ADP | _ | 43 sky | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 sky | det |
| 43 | sky | sky | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 up | obl |
| 44 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 allow | punct |
| 45 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 50 allow | cc |
| 46 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 50 allow | mark |
| 47 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 50 allow | nsubj |
| 48 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 50 allow | aux |
| 49 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 50 allow | advmod |
| 50 | allow | allow | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 warned | conj |
| 51 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 52 child | det |
| 52 | child | child | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 allow | obj |
| 53 | to | to | PART | _ | 54 go | mark |
| 54 | go | go | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 50 allow | xcomp |
| 55 | out | out | ADV | _ | 54 go | advmod |
| 56 | in | in | ADP | _ | 58 middle | case |
| 57 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 58 middle | det |
| 58 | middle | middle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 54 go | obl |
| 59 | of | of | ADP | _ | 61 day | case |
| 60 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 61 day | det |
| 61 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 58 middle | nmod |
| 62 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 69 kill | punct |
| 63 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 69 kill | mark |
| 64 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 67 ju | det |
| 65 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 67 ju | compound |
| 66 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 65 ju | punct |
| 67 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 69 kill | nsubj |
| 68 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 69 kill | aux |
| 69 | kill | kill | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 54 go | conj |
| 70 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 69 kill | obj |
| 71 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 discovered | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | discover | past | Aja | soon property | vn discover-84-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 2 | sacrifice | past · perfect · passive | the tortoise | for the child; Aja obj | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | live | would | the child | therefore property | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | warn speech: warn | past | Aja | the chief | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient that S»: agent=Agent chief=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 5 | walk | past | the Ekpinon and ju | about property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 6 | is | past | the sun | the sky | high, up property | tree rules | |||
| 7 | not allow | must | Aja | the child | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: agent=Causer child=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 8 | go out not said to happen | to-infinitive | the child not said here | the middle of the day | out property | vn interact-36.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||
| 9 | kill | would | the ju ju | Aja | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/10/48/