Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident., sentence 14
They had always been great friends since they were boys, and when they grew up they made farms in the same place and used to feed together.
Who acts: friends · What happens: have, be, grow up, make, use, feed · To what, where: great friends, farms, same place
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (friends), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 had | nsubj |
| 2 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 6 friends | advmod |
| 4 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 6 friends | cop |
| 5 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 friends | amod |
| 6 | friends | friend | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 had | obj |
| 7 | since | since | ADP | _ | 10 boys | case |
| 8 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 boys | nsubj |
| 9 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 boys | cop |
| 10 | boys | boy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 had | obl |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 made | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 made | cc |
| 13 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 15 grew | advmod |
| 14 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 grew | nsubj |
| 15 | grew | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 made | advcl |
| 16 | up | up | ADP | _ | 15 grew | compound:prt |
| 17 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 made | nsubj |
| 18 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 had | parataxis |
| 19 | farms | farm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 made | obj |
| 20 | in | in | ADP | _ | 23 place | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 place | det |
| 22 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 place | amod |
| 23 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 made | obl |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 used | cc |
| 25 | used | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 made | conj |
| 26 | to | to | PART | _ | 27 feed | mark |
| 27 | feed | feed | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 25 used | xcomp |
| 28 | together | together | ADV | _ | 27 feed | advmod |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 had | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | past | friends = friend | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | is a | participle | great friends | always property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | is | past | friends = friend | since boys | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | grow up | past | friends = friend | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | make | past | friends = friend | farms | the same place | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset farm=Product | |||
| 6 | use | past | friends = friend not said here | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 7 | feed | to-infinitive | friends = friend not said here | together property | vn gorge-39.6 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/12/14/