Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident., sentence 19
He had hunted all day, and killed several buck, and when the evening came he skinned the animals, and having cut them in half placed the meat over the fire to dry in the smoke.
Who acts: OGHABI, evening, half · What happens: hunt, kill, come, skin, cut, place · To what, where: several buck, animals, meat, fire, smoke
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (OGHABI, evening, half), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 hunted | nsubj |
| 2 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 hunted | aux |
| 3 | hunted | hunt | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 4 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 5 day | det |
| 5 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 hunted | obl:unmarked |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 killed | punct |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 killed | cc |
| 8 | killed | kill | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 hunted | parataxis |
| 9 | several | several | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 buck | amod |
| 10 | buck | buck | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 killed | obj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 skinned | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 skinned | cc |
| 13 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 16 came | mark |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 evening | det |
| 15 | evening | evening | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 came | nsubj |
| 16 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 skinned | advcl |
| 17 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 skinned | nsubj |
| 18 | skinned | skin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 killed | conj |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 animals | det |
| 20 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 skinned | obj |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 cut | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 cut | cc |
| 23 | having | have | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 24 cut | aux |
| 24 | cut | cut | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 hunted | parataxis |
| 25 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 cut | obj |
| 26 | in | in | SCONJ | _ | 28 placed | mark |
| 27 | half | half | NOUN | Number=Sing NumForm=Word NumType=Frac | 28 placed | nsubj |
| 28 | placed | place | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 24 cut | advcl |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 meat | det |
| 30 | meat | meat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 placed | obj |
| 31 | over | over | ADP | _ | 33 fire | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 fire | det |
| 33 | fire | fire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 placed | obl |
| 34 | to | to | PART | _ | 35 dry | mark |
| 35 | dry | dry | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 28 placed | advcl |
| 36 | in | in | ADP | _ | 38 smoke | case |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 smoke | det |
| 38 | smoke | smoke | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 dry | obl |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 hunted | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hunt | past · perfect | OGHABI | day | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | kill | past | several buck | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent buck=Theme | |||||
| 3 | come | past | the evening | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | skin | past | OGHABI | the animals | vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer animal=Patient | ||||
| 5 | cut | gerund | animals = animal | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset they=Product | |||||
| 6 | place | past | half | the meat | the fire | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent meat=Theme over fire=Destination | |||
| 7 | dry | to-infinitive | half not said here | the smoke | vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/12/19/