Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident., sentence 2
One day in the rainy season when the native pear trees were covered with fruit, Ori said to his friend let us climb up to the top of two of these pear trees, and when we are high up we can play at stoning one another.
Who acts: Ori, us, we · What happens: cover, say, let, climb up, be, play · To what, where: native pear trees, us, top, one · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ori, us, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | One | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 2 day | nummod |
| 2 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 said | obl:unmarked |
| 3 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 season | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 season | det |
| 5 | rainy | rainy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 season | amod |
| 6 | season | season | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 day | nmod |
| 7 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 13 covered | mark |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 trees | det |
| 9 | native | native | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 trees | amod |
| 10 | pear | pear | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 trees | compound |
| 11 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 covered | nsubj:pass |
| 12 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 covered | aux:pass |
| 13 | covered | cover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 season | acl |
| 14 | with | with | ADP | _ | 15 fruit | case |
| 15 | fruit | fruit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 covered | obl |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 day | punct |
| 17 | Ori | Ori | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 said | nsubj |
| 18 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 19 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 friend | case |
| 20 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 friend | nmod:poss |
| 21 | friend | friend | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 let | obl |
| 22 | let | let | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 said | ccomp |
| 23 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 22 let | obj |
| 24 | climb | climb | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 22 let | xcomp |
| 25 | up | up | ADP | _ | 24 climb | compound:prt |
| 26 | to | to | ADP | _ | 28 top | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 top | det |
| 28 | top | top | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 climb | obl |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 two | case |
| 30 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 28 top | nmod |
| 31 | of | of | ADP | _ | 34 trees | case |
| 32 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 34 trees | det |
| 33 | pear | pear | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 trees | compound |
| 34 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 top | nmod |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 play | punct |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 44 play | cc |
| 37 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 40 high | advmod |
| 38 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 40 high | nsubj |
| 39 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 40 high | cop |
| 40 | high | high | ADV | Degree=Pos | 44 play | advmod |
| 41 | up | up | ADP | _ | 44 play | mark |
| 42 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 44 play | nsubj |
| 43 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 44 play | aux |
| 44 | play | play | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 said | ccomp |
| 45 | at | at | SCONJ | _ | 46 stoning | mark |
| 46 | stoning | stone | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 44 play | advcl |
| 47 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 46 stoning | obj |
| 48 | another | another | DET | PronType=Ind | 47 one | fixed |
| 49 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 18 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cover | past · passive | the native pear trees | with fruit | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with fruit=Theme | ||||
| 2 | say speech: assert | past | Ori | day | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 3 | let | infinitive | us | to Okuni's friend | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | climb up | infinitive | us not said here | the top of two of this pear trees | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to top=Destination | ||||
| 5 | is | present | we | high property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | play | can | we | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 7 | stone | gerund | we not said here | one | vn pelt-17.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Destination |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/12/2/