Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident., sentence 75
When all the people were working, including the women and children on the farm, Eba always stood with his father in the shade of a tree throughout the heat of the day, and when it was time to go home in the evening, and all the others were carrying heavy loads, some of firewood, and others of food, Eba only carried his father’s bag, containing his snuff and horn.
Who acts: people, Eba, heat, others, day · What happens: work, stand, be, go, carry, contain · To what, where: others, shade, time, heavy loads, bag, snuff
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, Eba, heat, others), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | SCONJ | _ | 6 working | mark |
| 2 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 4 people | det:predet |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 people | det |
| 4 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 working | nsubj |
| 5 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 working | aux |
| 6 | working | work | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 19 stood | advcl |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 women | punct |
| 8 | including | including | ADP | _ | 10 women | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 women | det |
| 10 | women | woman | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 working | obl |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 children | cc |
| 12 | children | child | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 women | conj |
| 13 | on | on | ADP | _ | 15 farm | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 farm | det |
| 15 | farm | farm | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 women | nmod |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 working | punct |
| 17 | Eba | Eba | PROPN | Number=Sing | 19 stood | nsubj |
| 18 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 19 stood | advmod |
| 19 | stood | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 20 | with | with | ADP | _ | 22 father | case |
| 21 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 22 father | nmod:poss |
| 22 | father | father | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 stood | obl |
| 23 | in | in | ADP | _ | 25 shade | case |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 shade | det |
| 25 | shade | shade | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 stood | obl |
| 26 | of | of | ADP | _ | 28 tree | case |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 tree | det |
| 28 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 shade | nmod |
| 29 | throughout | throughout | ADP | _ | 31 heat | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 heat | det |
| 31 | heat | heat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 tree | nmod |
| 32 | of | of | ADP | _ | 34 day | case |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 day | det |
| 34 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 heat | nmod |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 when | punct |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 when | cc |
| 37 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 19 stood | advmod |
| 38 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 40 time | nsubj |
| 39 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 40 time | cop |
| 40 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 when | nsubj |
| 41 | to | to | PART | _ | 42 go | mark |
| 42 | go | go | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 40 time | acl |
| 43 | home | home | ADV | _ | 42 go | advmod |
| 44 | in | in | ADP | _ | 46 evening | case |
| 45 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 46 evening | det |
| 46 | evening | evening | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 go | obl |
| 47 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 53 carrying | punct |
| 48 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 53 carrying | cc |
| 49 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 51 others | det:predet |
| 50 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 51 others | det |
| 51 | others | other | NOUN | Number=Plur | 53 carrying | nsubj |
| 52 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 53 carrying | aux |
| 53 | carrying | carry | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 19 stood | advcl |
| 54 | heavy | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 55 loads | amod |
| 55 | loads | load | NOUN | Number=Plur | 53 carrying | obj |
| 56 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 59 firewood | punct |
| 57 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 59 firewood | det |
| 58 | of | of | ADP | _ | 59 firewood | case |
| 59 | firewood | firewood | NOUN | Number=Sing | 55 loads | conj |
| 60 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 62 others | punct |
| 61 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 62 others | cc |
| 62 | others | other | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 stood | obl |
| 63 | of | of | ADP | _ | 64 food | case |
| 64 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 62 others | nmod |
| 65 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 68 carried | punct |
| 66 | Eba | Eba | PROPN | Number=Sing | 68 carried | nsubj |
| 67 | only | only | ADV | _ | 68 carried | advmod |
| 68 | carried | carry | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 stood | conj |
| 69 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 70 father | nmod:poss |
| 70 | father | father | NOUN | Number=Sing | 72 bag | nmod:poss |
| 71 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 70 father | case |
| 72 | bag | bag | NOUN | Number=Sing | 68 carried | obj |
| 73 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 74 containing | punct |
| 74 | containing | contain | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 68 carried | advcl |
| 75 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 76 snuff | nmod:poss |
| 76 | snuff | snuff | NOUN | Number=Sing | 74 containing | obj |
| 77 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 78 horn | cc |
| 78 | horn | horn | NOUN | Number=Sing | 76 snuff | conj |
| 79 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 19 stood | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | work | past · progressive | all people | including the women on the farm and children | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | stand | past | Eba | others of food | the shade of a tree throughout the heat of the day | with Eba's father; always property | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in shade=Location | ||
| 3 | is a | past | heat | time | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | go | to-infinitive | Eba not said here | evening | home property | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||
| 5 | carry | past · progressive | all others | heavy loads and some firewood | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme | ||||
| 6 | carry | past | Eba | Eba's father's bag | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bag=Theme | ||||
| 7 | contain | gerund | Eba not said here | Eba's snuff and horn | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot snuff=Theme | ||||
| 8 | shade | a tree throughout the heat of the day | nom shade «state transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 9 | heat | the day | nom heat «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/12/75/