Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident., sentence 76
After the bush had been cut and burnt, and the ground prepared for the farm the Chief waited until some heavy rains had fallen, and then proceeded to distribute the yams for planting.
Who acts: ground, Chief, heavy rains · What happens: cut, burnt, prepare, wait, fall, proceed · To what, where: yams
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ground, Chief, heavy rains), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | After | after | ADP | _ | 3 bush | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 bush | det |
| 3 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 cut | obl |
| 4 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 cut | aux |
| 5 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 6 cut | aux:pass |
| 6 | cut | cut | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 burnt | cc |
| 8 | burnt | burnt | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 cut | conj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 prepared | punct |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 prepared | cc |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 ground | det |
| 12 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 prepared | nsubj |
| 13 | prepared | prepare | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 cut | conj |
| 14 | for | for | ADP | _ | 16 farm | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 farm | det |
| 16 | farm | farm | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 prepared | obl |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 Chief | det |
| 18 | Chief | Chief | PROPN | Number=Sing | 19 waited | nsubj |
| 19 | waited | wait | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 prepared | conj |
| 20 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 25 fallen | mark |
| 21 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 23 rains | det |
| 22 | heavy | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 rains | amod |
| 23 | rains | rain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 fallen | nsubj |
| 24 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 25 fallen | aux |
| 25 | fallen | fall | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 19 waited | advcl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 proceeded | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 proceeded | cc |
| 28 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 29 proceeded | advmod |
| 29 | proceeded | proceed | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 cut | conj |
| 30 | to | to | PART | _ | 31 distribute | mark |
| 31 | distribute | distribute | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 29 proceeded | xcomp |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 yams | det |
| 33 | yams | yam | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 distribute | obj |
| 34 | for | for | ADP | _ | 35 planting | case |
| 35 | planting | planting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 distribute | obl |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 cut | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cut | past · perfect · passive | after the bush | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle» | |||||
| 2 | burnt | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 3 | prepare | participle | the ground | for the farm | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for farm=Beneficiary | ||||
| 4 | wait | past | the Chief | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | fall | past · perfect | some heavy rains | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 6 | proceed | past | then | vn begin-55.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 7 | distribute | to-infinitive | the yams | for planting | vn contribute-13.2-1 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent yam=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/12/76/