Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xviii.--how the River Came Into Existence; Or, Why a Crab Has No Head., sentence 21
The elephant at once guessed that it was the crab who had filled up his drinking pond, and being in a furious rage, he cut the crab’s head off and threw him into the pond.
Who acts: elephant, mud, crab · What happens: guess, be, fill up, cut off, throw · To what, where: crab, drinking pond, furious rage, head, elephant, pond · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xviii.--how the River Came Into Existence; Or, Why a Crab Has No Head.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (elephant, mud, crab), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 elephant | det |
| 2 | elephant | elephant | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 guessed | nsubj |
| 3 | at | at | ADP | _ | 4 once | case |
| 4 | once | once | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 5 guessed | obl |
| 5 | guessed | guess | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 10 crab | mark |
| 7 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 crab | nsubj |
| 8 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 crab | cop |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 crab | det |
| 10 | crab | crab | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 guessed | ccomp |
| 11 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 13 filled | nsubj |
| 12 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 filled | aux |
| 13 | filled | fill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 10 crab | acl:relcl |
| 14 | up | up | ADP | _ | 13 filled | compound:prt |
| 15 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 17 pond | nmod:poss |
| 16 | drinking | drinking | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 pond | compound |
| 17 | pond | pond | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 filled | obj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 rage | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 rage | cc |
| 20 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 24 rage | cop |
| 21 | in | in | ADP | _ | 24 rage | case |
| 22 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 24 rage | det |
| 23 | furious | furious | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 rage | amod |
| 24 | rage | rage | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 guessed | conj |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 cut | punct |
| 26 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 cut | nsubj |
| 27 | cut | cut | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 guessed | parataxis |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 crab | det |
| 29 | crab | crab | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 head | nmod:poss |
| 30 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 29 crab | case |
| 31 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 cut | obj |
| 32 | off | off | ADP | _ | 27 cut | compound:prt |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 threw | cc |
| 34 | threw | throw | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 27 cut | conj |
| 35 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 34 threw | obj |
| 36 | into | into | ADP | _ | 38 pond | case |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 pond | det |
| 38 | pond | pond | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 threw | obl |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 guessed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | guess | past | the elephant | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP PP.value»: agent=Agent at once=Value | |||||
| 2 | is a | past | mud | the crab | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | fill up | past · perfect | the crab | elephant's drinking pond | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent pond=Patient | ||||
| 4 | is | gerund | the elephant not said here | a furious rage | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | cut off | past | elephant | the crab's head | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector head=Eventuality | ||||
| 6 | throw | past | elephant not said here | elephant | into the pond result | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Causer he=Theme into pond=Result |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/13/21/