Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xviii.--how the River Came Into Existence; Or, Why a Crab Has No Head., sentence 3
One day the elephant told his friends, the hawk and the crab, that he was going to hunt in the forest on a certain day.
Who acts: elephant · What happens: tell, go, hunt · To what, where: friends, forest · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xviii.--how the River Came Into Existence; Or, Why a Crab Has No Head.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (elephant), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | One | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 2 day | nummod |
| 2 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 told | obl:unmarked |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 elephant | det |
| 4 | elephant | elephant | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 told | nsubj |
| 5 | told | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 7 friends | nmod:poss |
| 7 | friends | friend | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 told | iobj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 hawk | punct |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 hawk | det |
| 10 | hawk | hawk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 friends | conj |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 crab | cc |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 crab | det |
| 13 | crab | crab | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 hawk | conj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 going | punct |
| 15 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 18 going | mark |
| 16 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 going | nsubj |
| 17 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 going | aux |
| 18 | going | go | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 told | ccomp |
| 19 | to | to | PART | _ | 20 hunt | mark |
| 20 | hunt | hunt | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 going | xcomp |
| 21 | in | in | ADP | _ | 23 forest | case |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 forest | det |
| 23 | forest | forest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 hunt | obl |
| 24 | on | on | ADP | _ | 27 day | case |
| 25 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 27 day | det |
| 26 | certain | certain | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 day | amod |
| 27 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 hunt | obl |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 told | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tell speech: assert | past | the elephant | elephant's friends and the hawk and the crab | day | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent friend=Recipient clause=Topic | |||
| 2 | go | past · progressive | elephant | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | hunt | to-infinitive | elephant not said here | the forest | day | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: agent=Agent in forest=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/13/3/