Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxii.--a Story of the Great Famine., sentence 54
The hare then commenced to scream with pain, pretending to be in great agony.
Who acts: hare · What happens: commence, scream, pretend, be · To what, where: great agony
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxii.--a Story of the Great Famine.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hare), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 hare | det |
| 2 | hare | hare | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 commenced | nsubj |
| 3 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 4 commenced | advmod |
| 4 | commenced | commence | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | to | to | PART | _ | 6 scream | mark |
| 6 | scream | scream | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 commenced | xcomp |
| 7 | with | with | ADP | _ | 8 pain | case |
| 8 | pain | pain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 scream | obl |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 pretending | punct |
| 10 | pretending | pretend | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 6 scream | advcl |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 15 agony | mark |
| 12 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 15 agony | cop |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 agony | case |
| 14 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 agony | amod |
| 15 | agony | agony | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 pretending | xcomp |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 commenced | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | commence | past | the hare | then | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 2 | scream speech: express | to-infinitive | the hare not said here | with pain | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with pain=Theme | ||||
| 3 | pretend | gerund | the hare not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | is | to-infinitive | the hare not said here | great agony | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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