Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 40
At first Oga refused, and begged Abang not to shame him before all the people, but Abang insisted upon having his own skin back again, so Oga was forced to exchange.
Who acts: Oga, Abang · What happens: refuse, beg, not shame, insist, have, force · To what, where: Abang, Oga, own skin
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oga, Abang), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | At | at | ADP | _ | 2 first | case |
| 2 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 4 refused | obl |
| 3 | Oga | Oga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 refused | nsubj |
| 4 | refused | refuse | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 begged | punct |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 begged | cc |
| 7 | begged | beg | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 refused | conj |
| 8 | Abang | Abang | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 begged | obj |
| 9 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 11 shame | advmod |
| 10 | to | to | PART | _ | 11 shame | mark |
| 11 | shame | shame | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 begged | xcomp |
| 12 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 11 shame | obj |
| 13 | before | before | ADP | _ | 16 people | case |
| 14 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 16 people | det:predet |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 people | det |
| 16 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 shame | obl |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 insisted | punct |
| 18 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 20 insisted | cc |
| 19 | Abang | Abang | PROPN | Number=Sing | 20 insisted | nsubj |
| 20 | insisted | insist | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 refused | conj |
| 21 | upon | upon | SCONJ | _ | 22 having | mark |
| 22 | having | have | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 20 insisted | advcl |
| 23 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 skin | nmod:poss |
| 24 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 skin | amod |
| 25 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 having | obj |
| 26 | back | back | ADV | _ | 27 again | advmod |
| 27 | again | again | ADV | _ | 22 having | advmod |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 forced | punct |
| 29 | so | so | ADV | _ | 32 forced | advmod |
| 30 | Oga | Oga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 32 forced | nsubj:pass |
| 31 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 forced | aux:pass |
| 32 | forced | force | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 refused | conj |
| 33 | to | to | PART | _ | 34 exchange | mark |
| 34 | exchange | exchange | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 32 forced | xcomp |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 refused | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | refuse | past | Oga | vn reject-77.2 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | beg speech: request | past | Oga not said here | Abang | vn beg-58.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent abang=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 3 | not shame not said to happen | to-infinitive | Oga not said here | Oga | before all people | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus he=Experiencer | |||
| 4 | insist speech: other | past | Abang | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | have | gerund | Abang not said here | Oga's own skin | again | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Patient | |||
| 6 | force | past · passive | Oga | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic | |||||
| 7 | exchange | to-infinitive | Oga not said here | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/18/40/