Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 39
When Oga arrived at the place where the people who had brought the play were resting in the shade of some large trees which grew by the side of the path, Abang stood up, and having thrown the Egbo dress on one side, he took off Oga’s skin and placed it on the ground, at the same time telling Oga to do the like.
Who acts: Oga, people, large trees, Abang, same time · What happens: arrive, bring, rest, grow, stand up, throw · To what, where: place, people, shade, Egbo dress, one side, skin · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oga, people, large trees, Abang), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 3 arrived | advmod |
| 2 | Oga | Oga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 arrived | nsubj |
| 3 | arrived | arrive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 stood | advcl |
| 4 | at | at | ADP | _ | 6 place | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 place | det |
| 6 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 arrived | obl |
| 7 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 16 resting | advmod |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 people | det |
| 9 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 resting | nsubj |
| 10 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 12 brought | nsubj:pass |
| 11 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 brought | aux |
| 12 | brought | bring | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 people | acl:relcl |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 play | det |
| 14 | play | play | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 brought | obj |
| 15 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 resting | aux |
| 16 | resting | rest | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 6 place | acl |
| 17 | in | in | ADP | _ | 19 shade | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 shade | det |
| 19 | shade | shade | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 resting | obl |
| 20 | of | of | ADP | _ | 23 trees | case |
| 21 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 23 trees | det |
| 22 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 trees | amod |
| 23 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 shade | nmod |
| 24 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 25 grew | nsubj |
| 25 | grew | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 trees | acl:relcl |
| 26 | by | by | ADP | _ | 28 side | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 side | det |
| 28 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 grew | obl |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 31 path | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 path | det |
| 31 | path | path | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 side | nmod |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 arrived | punct |
| 33 | Abang | Abang | PROPN | Number=Sing | 34 stood | nsubj |
| 34 | stood | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 35 | up | up | ADP | _ | 34 stood | compound:prt |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 thrown | punct |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 39 thrown | cc |
| 38 | having | have | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 39 thrown | aux |
| 39 | thrown | throw | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 34 stood | conj |
| 40 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 dress | det |
| 41 | Egbo | Egbo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 42 dress | compound |
| 42 | dress | dress | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 thrown | obj |
| 43 | on | on | ADP | _ | 45 side | case |
| 44 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 45 side | nummod |
| 45 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 thrown | obl |
| 46 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 48 took | punct |
| 47 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 48 took | nsubj |
| 48 | took | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 stood | parataxis |
| 49 | off | off | ADP | _ | 48 took | compound:prt |
| 50 | Oga | Oga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 52 skin | nmod:poss |
| 51 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 50 Oga | case |
| 52 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 took | obj |
| 53 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 54 placed | cc |
| 54 | placed | place | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 48 took | conj |
| 55 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 54 placed | obj |
| 56 | on | on | ADP | _ | 58 ground | case |
| 57 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 58 ground | det |
| 58 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 54 placed | obl |
| 59 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 63 time | punct |
| 60 | at | at | ADP | _ | 63 time | case |
| 61 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 63 time | det |
| 62 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 63 time | amod |
| 63 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 54 placed | obl |
| 64 | telling | tell | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 63 time | acl |
| 65 | Oga | Oga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 64 telling | obj |
| 66 | to | to | PART | _ | 67 do | mark |
| 67 | do | do | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 64 telling | xcomp |
| 68 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 69 like | det |
| 69 | like | like | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 67 do | conj |
| 70 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 34 stood | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | arrive | past | Oga | the place | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | bring | past · perfect · passive | the people | the play obj | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Destination play=Theme | ||||
| 3 | rest | past · progressive | the people | the shade of some large trees | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V NP.theme PP»: agent=Agent in shade=Location | ||||
| 4 | grow | past | some large trees | by the side of the path | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by side=Location | ||||
| 5 | stand up | past | Abang | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | throw | gerund · perfect | Abang not said here | the Egbo dress | one side | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent dress=Theme on side=Destination | |||
| 7 | take off | past | Oga | Oga's skin | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Theme | ||||
| 8 | place | past | Oga not said here | dress | the ground | time | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme on ground=Destination | ||
| 9 | tell speech: assert | gerund | the same time not said here | Oga | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent oga=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 10 | do not said to happen | to-infinitive | the same time not said here | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 11 | like | infinitive | the same time not said here | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot | |||||
| 12 | shade | some large trees | nom shade «state transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/18/39/