Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2, sentence 55
Then the hare woke up and began to abuse his wife, saying that she had spoilt his ju-ju and would have to pay a great deal to make it right again.
Who acts: hare, wife · What happens: wake up, begin, abuse, say, spoil, have · To what, where: wife, ju ju, great deal, ju · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hare, wife), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 4 woke | advmod |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 hare | det |
| 3 | hare | hare | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 woke | nsubj |
| 4 | woke | wake | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | up | up | ADP | _ | 4 woke | compound:prt |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 began | cc |
| 7 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 woke | conj |
| 8 | to | to | PART | _ | 9 abuse | mark |
| 9 | abuse | abuse | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 began | xcomp |
| 10 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 wife | nmod:poss |
| 11 | wife | wife | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 abuse | obj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 saying | punct |
| 13 | saying | say | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 4 woke | advcl |
| 14 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 17 spoilt | mark |
| 15 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 spoilt | nsubj |
| 16 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 17 spoilt | aux |
| 17 | spoilt | spoil | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 13 saying | ccomp |
| 18 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 ju | nmod:poss |
| 19 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 ju | compound |
| 20 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 19 ju | punct |
| 21 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 spoilt | obj |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 have | cc |
| 23 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 24 have | aux |
| 24 | have | have | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 17 spoilt | conj |
| 25 | to | to | PART | _ | 26 pay | mark |
| 26 | pay | pay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 have | xcomp |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 29 deal | det |
| 28 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 deal | amod |
| 29 | deal | deal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 pay | obj |
| 30 | to | to | PART | _ | 31 make | mark |
| 31 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 26 pay | advcl |
| 32 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 31 make | obj |
| 33 | right | right | ADV | _ | 34 again | advmod |
| 34 | again | again | ADV | _ | 31 make | advmod |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 woke | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | wake up | past | the hare | then | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 2 | begin | past | the hare not said here | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 3 | abuse | to-infinitive | the hare not said here | hare's wife | vn judgment-33.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wife=Theme | ||||
| 4 | say speech: assert | gerund | the hare not said here | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 5 | spoil | past · perfect | wife | hare's ju ju | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | have | would | wife not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 7 | pay | to-infinitive | wife not said here | a great deal | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent deal=Asset | ||||
| 8 | make | to-infinitive | wife not said here | ju | again | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/19/55/