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Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3, sentence 40

When the chiefs of Inkum heard of the disease which Chief Erim had died from, they made an order that the body should be buried in a deep grave in the bush, that the funeral should not be kept as usual, and that no one was to mourn for the dead chief, as the sickness he had died from was a very dangerous one, and if anyone cried for him they would get the disease.

Who acts: chiefs, disease, slaves, one, Chief, sickness · What happens: hear, die, make, bury, not keep, be · To what, where: order, body, deep grave, funeral, sickness, dangerous one · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chiefs, disease, slaves, one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

advmoddetnsubjcasenmodadvclcasedetoblnsubjnsubjflatauxacl:relcloblpunctnsubjdetobjmarkdetnsubj:passauxaux:passadvclcasedetamodoblcasedetoblpunctmarkdetnsubj:passauxadvmodaux:passconjcaseoblpunctccmarkdetnsubjcopmarkparataxiscasedetamodoblpunctcasedetnsubjnsubjauxacl:relcloblcopdetadvmodamodparataxispunctccmarknsubjconjcaseoblnsubjauxccompdetobjpunctrootWhenADVtheDETchiefsNOUNofADPInkumPROPNheardVERBofADPtheDETdiseaseNOUNwhichPRONChiefPROPNErimPROPNhadAUXdiedVERBfromADP,PUNCTtheyPRONmadeVERBanDETorderNOUNthatSCONJtheDETbodyNOUNshouldAUXbeAUXburiedVERBinADPaDETdeepADJgraveNOUNinADPtheDETbushNOUN,PUNCTthatSCONJtheDETfuneralNOUNshouldAUXnotPARTbeAUXkeptVERBasADPusualADJ,PUNCTandCCONJthatSCONJnoDEToneNOUNwasAUXtoPARTmournVERBforADPtheDETdeadADJchiefNOUN,PUNCTasADPtheDETsicknessNOUNhePRONhadAUXdiedVERBfromADPwasAUXaDETveryADVdangerousADJoneNOUN,PUNCTandCCONJifSCONJanyonePRONcriedVERBforADPhimPRONtheyPRONwouldAUXgetVERBtheDETdiseaseNOUN.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1WhenwhenADVPronType=Int6 heardadvmod
2thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art3 chiefsdet
3chiefschiefNOUNNumber=Plur6 heardnsubj
4ofofADP_5 Inkumcase
5InkumInkumPROPNNumber=Sing3 chiefsnmod
6heardhearVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin18 madeadvcl
7ofofADP_9 diseasecase
8thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art9 diseasedet
9diseasediseaseNOUNNumber=Sing6 heardobl
10whichwhichPRONPronType=Rel14 diednsubj
11ChiefChiefPROPNNumber=Sing14 diednsubj
12ErimErimPROPNNumber=Sing11 Chiefflat
13hadhaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin14 diedaux
14dieddieVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part9 diseaseacl:relcl
15fromfromADP_14 diedobl
16,,PUNCT_6 heardpunct
17theytheyPRONCase=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs18 madensubj
18mademakeVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Finrootroot
19anaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art20 orderdet
20orderorderNOUNNumber=Sing18 madeobj
21thatthatSCONJ_26 buriedmark
22thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art23 bodydet
23bodybodyNOUNNumber=Sing26 buriednsubj:pass
24shouldshouldAUXVerbForm=Fin26 buriedaux
25bebeAUXVerbForm=Inf26 buriedaux:pass
26buriedburyVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass18 madeadvcl
27ininADP_30 gravecase
28aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art30 gravedet
29deepdeepADJDegree=Pos30 graveamod
30gravegraveNOUNNumber=Sing26 buriedobl
31ininADP_33 bushcase
32thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art33 bushdet
33bushbushNOUNNumber=Sing26 buriedobl
34,,PUNCT_41 keptpunct
35thatthatSCONJ_41 keptmark
36thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art37 funeraldet
37funeralfuneralNOUNNumber=Sing41 keptnsubj:pass
38shouldshouldAUXVerbForm=Fin41 keptaux
39notnotPARTPolarity=Neg41 keptadvmod
40bebeAUXVerbForm=Inf41 keptaux:pass
41keptkeepVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass26 buriedconj
42asasADP_43 usualcase
43usualusualADJDegree=Pos41 keptobl
44,,PUNCT_51 mournpunct
45andandCCONJ_51 mourncc
46thatthatSCONJ_51 mournmark
47nonoDETPronType=Neg48 onedet
48oneoneNOUNNumber=Sing51 mournnsubj
49wasbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin51 mourncop
50totoPART_51 mournmark
51mournmournVERBVerbForm=Inf18 madeparataxis
52forforADP_55 chiefcase
53thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art55 chiefdet
54deaddeadADJDegree=Pos55 chiefamod
55chiefchiefNOUNNumber=Sing51 mournobl
56,,PUNCT_59 sicknesspunct
57asasADP_59 sicknesscase
58thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art59 sicknessdet
59sicknesssicknessNOUNNumber=Sing68 onensubj
60hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs62 diednsubj
61hadhaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin62 diedaux
62dieddieVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part59 sicknessacl:relcl
63fromfromADP_62 diedobl
64wasbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin68 onecop
65aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art68 onedet
66veryveryADV_67 dangerousadvmod
67dangerousdangerousADJDegree=Pos68 oneamod
68oneoneNOUNNumber=Sing51 mournparataxis
69,,PUNCT_73 criedpunct
70andandCCONJ_73 criedcc
71ififSCONJ_73 criedmark
72anyoneanyonePRONNumber=Sing PronType=Ind73 criednsubj
73criedcryVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin18 madeconj
74forforADP_75 himcase
75himhePRONCase=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs73 criedobl
76theytheyPRONCase=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs78 getnsubj
77wouldwouldAUXVerbForm=Fin78 getaux
78getgetVERBVerbForm=Inf73 criedccomp
79thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art80 diseasedet
80diseasediseaseNOUNNumber=Sing78 getobj
81..PUNCT_18 madepunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1hearpastthe chiefs of Inkumof the diseasevn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer of disease=Stimulus
2diepast · perfectthe diseaseChief nsubjvn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
3makepastslaves = slavea ordervn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset order=Product
4buryshould · passivethe bodya deep gravein the bushvn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in grave=Destination
5not keepshould · passivethe funeralas usualvn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
6ispastno onefor the dead chief; mourn propertytree rules
7diepast · perfectChiefthe sickness not said heretree rules
8is apastthe sicknessa dangerous onetree rules
9cry speech: express a condition, not said to happenpastanyonefor Chiefvn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V PP.recipient S_INF»: agent=Agent for he=Recipient clause=Topic
10getwouldslaves = slavethe diseasevn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer disease=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/20/40/