Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3, sentence 40
When the chiefs of Inkum heard of the disease which Chief Erim had died from, they made an order that the body should be buried in a deep grave in the bush, that the funeral should not be kept as usual, and that no one was to mourn for the dead chief, as the sickness he had died from was a very dangerous one, and if anyone cried for him they would get the disease.
Who acts: chiefs, disease, slaves, one, Chief, sickness · What happens: hear, die, make, bury, not keep, be · To what, where: order, body, deep grave, funeral, sickness, dangerous one · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chiefs, disease, slaves, one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 6 heard | advmod |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 chiefs | det |
| 3 | chiefs | chief | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 heard | nsubj |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 Inkum | case |
| 5 | Inkum | Inkum | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 chiefs | nmod |
| 6 | heard | hear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 made | advcl |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 disease | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 disease | det |
| 9 | disease | disease | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 heard | obl |
| 10 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 14 died | nsubj |
| 11 | Chief | Chief | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 died | nsubj |
| 12 | Erim | Erim | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 Chief | flat |
| 13 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 died | aux |
| 14 | died | die | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 9 disease | acl:relcl |
| 15 | from | from | ADP | _ | 14 died | obl |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 heard | punct |
| 17 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 made | nsubj |
| 18 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 19 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 order | det |
| 20 | order | order | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 made | obj |
| 21 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 26 buried | mark |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 body | det |
| 23 | body | body | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 buried | nsubj:pass |
| 24 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 26 buried | aux |
| 25 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 26 buried | aux:pass |
| 26 | buried | bury | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 18 made | advcl |
| 27 | in | in | ADP | _ | 30 grave | case |
| 28 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 grave | det |
| 29 | deep | deep | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 grave | amod |
| 30 | grave | grave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 buried | obl |
| 31 | in | in | ADP | _ | 33 bush | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 bush | det |
| 33 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 buried | obl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 kept | punct |
| 35 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 41 kept | mark |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 funeral | det |
| 37 | funeral | funeral | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 kept | nsubj:pass |
| 38 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 41 kept | aux |
| 39 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 41 kept | advmod |
| 40 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 41 kept | aux:pass |
| 41 | kept | keep | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 26 buried | conj |
| 42 | as | as | ADP | _ | 43 usual | case |
| 43 | usual | usual | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 kept | obl |
| 44 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 51 mourn | punct |
| 45 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 51 mourn | cc |
| 46 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 51 mourn | mark |
| 47 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 48 one | det |
| 48 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 mourn | nsubj |
| 49 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 51 mourn | cop |
| 50 | to | to | PART | _ | 51 mourn | mark |
| 51 | mourn | mourn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 made | parataxis |
| 52 | for | for | ADP | _ | 55 chief | case |
| 53 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 55 chief | det |
| 54 | dead | dead | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 55 chief | amod |
| 55 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 mourn | obl |
| 56 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 59 sickness | punct |
| 57 | as | as | ADP | _ | 59 sickness | case |
| 58 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 59 sickness | det |
| 59 | sickness | sickness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 68 one | nsubj |
| 60 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 62 died | nsubj |
| 61 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 62 died | aux |
| 62 | died | die | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 59 sickness | acl:relcl |
| 63 | from | from | ADP | _ | 62 died | obl |
| 64 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 68 one | cop |
| 65 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 68 one | det |
| 66 | very | very | ADV | _ | 67 dangerous | advmod |
| 67 | dangerous | dangerous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 68 one | amod |
| 68 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 mourn | parataxis |
| 69 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 73 cried | punct |
| 70 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 73 cried | cc |
| 71 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 73 cried | mark |
| 72 | anyone | anyone | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Ind | 73 cried | nsubj |
| 73 | cried | cry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 made | conj |
| 74 | for | for | ADP | _ | 75 him | case |
| 75 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 73 cried | obl |
| 76 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 78 get | nsubj |
| 77 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 78 get | aux |
| 78 | get | get | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 73 cried | ccomp |
| 79 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 80 disease | det |
| 80 | disease | disease | NOUN | Number=Sing | 78 get | obj |
| 81 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 18 made | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hear | past | the chiefs of Inkum | of the disease | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer of disease=Stimulus | ||||
| 2 | die | past · perfect | the disease | Chief nsubj | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | ||||
| 3 | make | past | slaves = slave | a order | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset order=Product | ||||
| 4 | bury | should · passive | the body | a deep grave | in the bush | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in grave=Destination | |||
| 5 | not keep | should · passive | the funeral | as usual | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 6 | is | past | no one | for the dead chief; mourn property | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | die | past · perfect | Chief | the sickness not said here | tree rules | ||||
| 8 | is a | past | the sickness | a dangerous one | tree rules | ||||
| 9 | cry speech: express a condition, not said to happen | past | anyone | for Chief | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V PP.recipient S_INF»: agent=Agent for he=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 10 | get | would | slaves = slave | the disease | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer disease=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/20/40/