Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4, sentence 26
At this all the other frogs laughed, and said that the bush buck would have finished the course before the frog had jumped one pace.
Who acts: other frogs, frog · What happens: laugh, say, finish, have, jump · To what, where: this, bush buck, one pace · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (other frogs, frog), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | At | at | ADP | _ | 2 this | case |
| 2 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 7 laughed | obl |
| 3 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 6 frogs | det:predet |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 frogs | det |
| 5 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 frogs | amod |
| 6 | frogs | frog | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 laughed | nsubj |
| 7 | laughed | laugh | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 said | punct |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 said | cc |
| 10 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 laughed | conj |
| 11 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 17 finished | mark |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 buck | det |
| 13 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 buck | compound |
| 14 | buck | buck | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 finished | nsubj:pass |
| 15 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 17 finished | aux |
| 16 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 17 finished | aux |
| 17 | finished | finish | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 said | ccomp |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 course | det |
| 19 | course | course | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 finished | obj |
| 20 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 23 had | mark |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 frog | det |
| 22 | frog | frog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 had | nsubj |
| 23 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 17 finished | advcl |
| 24 | jumped | jump | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 had | conj |
| 25 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 26 pace | nummod |
| 26 | pace | pace | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 jumped | obl |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 laughed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | laugh | past | all other frogs | this | vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | say speech: assert | past | all other frogs not said here | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | finish | would · perfect · passive | the bush buck | the course obj | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | have | past | the frog | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | jump | past | the frog not said here | one pace | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/21/26/