Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4, sentence 37
Early in the morning all the frogs took up their positions along the course, and the young frog jumped on to the course where the starting-place was and waited for the bush buck to arrive.
Who acts: frogs, young frog, starting place · What happens: take up, jump on, be, arrive · To what, where: positions
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (frogs, young frog, starting place), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Early | early | ADV | Degree=Pos | 8 took | advmod |
| 2 | in | in | ADP | _ | 4 morning | case |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 morning | det |
| 4 | morning | morning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Early | obl |
| 5 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 7 frogs | det:predet |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 frogs | det |
| 7 | frogs | frog | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 took | nsubj |
| 8 | took | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 9 | up | up | ADP | _ | 8 took | compound:prt |
| 10 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 positions | nmod:poss |
| 11 | positions | position | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 took | obj |
| 12 | along | along | ADP | _ | 14 course | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 course | det |
| 14 | course | course | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 took | obl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 jumped | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 jumped | cc |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 frog | det |
| 18 | young | young | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 frog | amod |
| 19 | frog | frog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 jumped | nsubj |
| 20 | jumped | jump | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 took | conj |
| 21 | on | on | ADP | _ | 20 jumped | compound:prt |
| 22 | to | to | ADP | _ | 24 course | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 course | det |
| 24 | course | course | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 jumped | obl |
| 25 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 32 waited | advmod |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 place | det |
| 27 | starting | starting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 place | compound |
| 28 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 27 starting | punct |
| 29 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 waited | nsubj |
| 30 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 waited | cop |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 waited | cc |
| 32 | waited | wait | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 jumped | advcl |
| 33 | for | for | ADP | _ | 36 buck | case |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 buck | det |
| 35 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 buck | compound |
| 36 | buck | buck | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 waited | obl |
| 37 | to | to | PART | _ | 38 arrive | mark |
| 38 | arrive | arrive | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 32 waited | advcl |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 took | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | take up | past | all frogs | whole's positions | along the course; early property | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent position=Theme | |||
| 2 | jump on | past | the young frog | to the course result | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to course=Result | ||||
| 3 | is | past | the starting place | for the bush buck; wait property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | arrive | to-infinitive | the starting place not said here | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/21/37/