Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4, sentence 38
By this time many people had arrived to watch the race, and soon the bush buck joined the frog, and the signal to start having been given they both jumped off together.
Who acts: many people, bush buck, people · What happens: arrive, watch, join, start, give, jump off · To what, where: race, frog, signal
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many people, bush buck, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | By | by | ADP | _ | 3 time | case |
| 2 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 3 time | det |
| 3 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 arrived | obl |
| 4 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 people | amod |
| 5 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 arrived | nsubj |
| 6 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 arrived | aux |
| 7 | arrived | arrive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 8 | to | to | PART | _ | 9 watch | mark |
| 9 | watch | watch | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 arrived | advcl |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 race | det |
| 11 | race | race | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 watch | obj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 joined | punct |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 joined | cc |
| 14 | soon | soon | ADV | Degree=Pos | 18 joined | advmod |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 buck | det |
| 16 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 buck | compound |
| 17 | buck | buck | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 joined | nsubj |
| 18 | joined | join | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 arrived | conj |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 frog | det |
| 20 | frog | frog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 joined | obj |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 given | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 given | cc |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 signal | det |
| 24 | signal | signal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 given | nsubj:pass |
| 25 | to | to | PART | _ | 26 start | mark |
| 26 | start | start | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 29 given | advcl |
| 27 | having | have | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 29 given | aux |
| 28 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 29 given | aux:pass |
| 29 | given | give | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 arrived | conj |
| 30 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 jumped | nsubj |
| 31 | both | both | DET | PronType=Tot | 32 jumped | nsubj |
| 32 | jumped | jump | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 29 given | conj |
| 33 | off | off | ADP | _ | 32 jumped | compound:prt |
| 34 | together | together | ADV | _ | 32 jumped | advmod |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 arrived | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | arrive | past · perfect | many people | time | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | watch | to-infinitive | many people not said here | the race | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent race=Theme | ||||
| 3 | join | past | the bush buck | the frog | soon property | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent frog=Patient | |||
| 4 | start | to-infinitive | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||||
| 5 | give | gerund · perfect · passive | the signal | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 6 | jump off | past | people | together property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/21/38/