Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4, sentence 48
She went into the stream until the water came up to her neck, but, being naturally very timid, she was afraid to go further, and struggled back to the bank, where she said to her husband, “If you wish to live with me you will have to come on to the land, as I cannot live in the water.”
Who acts: WIFE, water, husband · What happens: go, come up, be, struggle back, say, wish · To what, where: stream, neck, husband, land, water · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (WIFE, water, husband), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | She | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 went | nsubj |
| 2 | went | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | into | into | ADP | _ | 5 stream | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 stream | det |
| 5 | stream | stream | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 went | obl |
| 6 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 9 came | mark |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 water | det |
| 8 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 came | nsubj |
| 9 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 went | advcl |
| 10 | up | up | ADV | _ | 9 came | advmod |
| 11 | to | to | ADP | _ | 13 neck | case |
| 12 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 neck | nmod:poss |
| 13 | neck | neck | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 came | obl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 timid | punct |
| 15 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 20 timid | cc |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 timid | punct |
| 17 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 20 timid | cop |
| 18 | naturally | naturally | ADV | _ | 20 timid | advmod |
| 19 | very | very | ADV | _ | 20 timid | advmod |
| 20 | timid | timid | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 went | parataxis |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 afraid | punct |
| 22 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 afraid | nsubj |
| 23 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 24 afraid | cop |
| 24 | afraid | afraid | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 timid | conj |
| 25 | to | to | PART | _ | 26 go | mark |
| 26 | go | go | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 afraid | xcomp |
| 27 | further | further | ADV | _ | 26 go | advmod |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 struggled | punct |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 struggled | cc |
| 30 | struggled | struggle | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 went | conj |
| 31 | back | back | ADV | _ | 30 struggled | advmod |
| 32 | to | to | ADP | _ | 34 bank | case |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 bank | det |
| 34 | bank | bank | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 struggled | obl |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 said | punct |
| 36 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 38 said | advmod |
| 37 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 38 said | nsubj |
| 38 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 30 struggled | parataxis |
| 39 | to | to | ADP | _ | 41 husband | case |
| 40 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 41 husband | nmod:poss |
| 41 | husband | husband | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 said | obl |
| 42 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 53 have | punct |
| 43 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 53 have | punct |
| 44 | If | if | SCONJ | _ | 46 wish | mark |
| 45 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 46 wish | nsubj |
| 46 | wish | wish | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 53 have | advcl |
| 47 | to | to | PART | _ | 48 live | mark |
| 48 | live | live | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 46 wish | xcomp |
| 49 | with | with | ADP | _ | 50 me | case |
| 50 | me | I | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 48 live | obl |
| 51 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 53 have | nsubj |
| 52 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 53 have | aux |
| 53 | have | have | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 38 said | conj |
| 54 | to | to | PART | _ | 55 come | mark |
| 55 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 53 have | xcomp |
| 56 | on | on | ADV | _ | 55 come | advmod |
| 57 | to | to | ADP | _ | 59 land | case |
| 58 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 59 land | det |
| 59 | land | land | NOUN | Number=Sing | 55 come | obl |
| 60 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 65 live | punct |
| 61 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 65 live | mark |
| 62 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 65 live | nsubj |
| 63 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 65 live | aux |
| 64 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 65 live | advmod |
| 65 | live | live | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 55 come | conj |
| 66 | in | in | ADP | _ | 68 water | case |
| 67 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 68 water | det |
| 68 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 65 live | obl |
| 69 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 went | punct |
| 70 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 went | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | go | past | WIFE | the stream | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme into stream=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | come up | past | the water | WIFE's neck | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to neck=Initial_Location | ||||
| 3 | is | gerund | naturally, timid property | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | is | past | WIFE | afraid property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | go | to-infinitive | WIFE not said here | further property | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 6 | struggle back | past | WIFE not said here | to the bank | vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 7 | say speech: assert | past | WIFE | WIFE's husband | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to husband=Recipient | ||||
| 8 | wish a condition, not said to happen, in a quote | present | WIFE's husband = husband | vn wish-62 «NP V for NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme | |||||
| 9 | live not said to happen, in a quote | to-infinitive | WIFE's husband = husband not said here | with WIFE | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme with i=Location | ||||
| 10 | have in a quote | future | WIFE's husband = husband | tree rules | |||||
| 11 | come on in a quote | to-infinitive | WIFE's husband = husband not said here | the land | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to land=Initial_Location | ||||
| 12 | not live in a quote | can | WIFE | the water | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in water=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/21/48/