Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxx.--the Game of Hide-and-seek As Played By the Hawk and the Bush Cow., sentence 18
As soon as it was light enough to see, the bush cow went off into the forest until he came to a favourite swamp of his where he lay down and wallowed in the mud, leaving only a little of his head and back exposed to view.
Who acts: match, bush cow, antelope · What happens: be, see, go off, come, lie down, wallow · To what, where: forest, favourite swamp, mud, little
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxx.--the Game of Hide-and-seek As Played By the Hawk and the Bush Cow.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (match, bush cow, antelope), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | As | as | ADV | _ | 2 soon | advmod |
| 2 | soon | soon | ADV | Degree=Pos | 6 light | advmod |
| 3 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 6 light | mark |
| 4 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 light | nsubj |
| 5 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 light | cop |
| 6 | light | light | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 7 | enough | enough | ADV | _ | 6 light | advmod |
| 8 | to | to | PART | _ | 9 see | mark |
| 9 | see | see | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 light | advcl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 went | punct |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 cow | det |
| 12 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 cow | compound |
| 13 | cow | cow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 went | nsubj |
| 14 | went | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 light | conj |
| 15 | off | off | ADP | _ | 14 went | compound:prt |
| 16 | into | into | ADP | _ | 18 forest | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 forest | det |
| 18 | forest | forest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 went | obl |
| 19 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 21 came | mark |
| 20 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 came | nsubj |
| 21 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 went | advcl |
| 22 | to | to | ADP | _ | 25 swamp | case |
| 23 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 swamp | det |
| 24 | favourite | favourite | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 swamp | amod |
| 25 | swamp | swamp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 came | obl |
| 26 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 30 lay | mark |
| 27 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 30 lay | nmod:poss |
| 28 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 30 lay | advmod |
| 29 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 30 lay | nsubj |
| 30 | lay | lie | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 25 swamp | acl:relcl |
| 31 | down | down | ADV | _ | 30 lay | advmod |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 wallowed | cc |
| 33 | wallowed | wallow | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 30 lay | conj |
| 34 | in | in | ADP | _ | 36 mud | case |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 mud | det |
| 36 | mud | mud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 wallowed | obl |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 leaving | punct |
| 38 | leaving | leave | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 30 lay | advcl |
| 39 | only | only | ADV | _ | 41 little | advmod |
| 40 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 41 little | det |
| 41 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 leaving | obj |
| 42 | of | of | ADP | _ | 44 head | case |
| 43 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 44 head | nmod:poss |
| 44 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 little | nmod |
| 45 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 47 exposed | cc |
| 46 | back | back | ADV | _ | 47 exposed | advmod |
| 47 | exposed | expose | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 41 little | conj |
| 48 | to | to | PART | _ | 49 view | mark |
| 49 | view | view | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 47 exposed | xcomp |
| 50 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 light | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | match | enough, light, soon property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | see | to-infinitive | match not said here | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 3 | go off | past | the bush cow | the forest | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | come | past | antelope | a favourite swamp | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to swamp=Initial_Location | ||||
| 5 | lie down | past | antelope | down property | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 6 | wallow | participle | antelope not said here | the mud | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 7 | leave | gerund | antelope not said here | a little of antelope's head | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent little=Theme | ||||
| 8 | expose | participle | antelope not said here | vn indicate-78 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Topic | |||||
| 9 | view | to-infinitive | antelope not said here | vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/23/18/