Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxxi.--chief Kekong’s Daughter ’ndere Who Married a Python., part 2, sentence 52
When the hunters returned to the camp in the evening, they cut up the animals which had been killed during the day, and placed the meat in the smoke of the fires to dry.
Who acts: hunters, fires · What happens: return, cut up, kill, place, dry, smoke · To what, where: animals, meat, smoke
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxxi.--chief Kekong’s Daughter ’ndere Who Married a Python., part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hunters, fires), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 4 returned | advmod |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 hunters | det |
| 3 | hunters | hunter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 returned | nsubj |
| 4 | returned | return | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 cut | advcl |
| 5 | to | to | ADP | _ | 7 camp | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 camp | det |
| 7 | camp | camp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 returned | obl |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 evening | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 evening | det |
| 10 | evening | evening | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 returned | obl |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 returned | punct |
| 12 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 cut | nsubj |
| 13 | cut | cut | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 14 | up | up | ADP | _ | 13 cut | compound:prt |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 animals | det |
| 16 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 cut | obj |
| 17 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 20 killed | nsubj:pass |
| 18 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 killed | aux |
| 19 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 20 killed | aux:pass |
| 20 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 16 animals | acl:relcl |
| 21 | during | during | ADP | _ | 23 day | case |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 day | det |
| 23 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 killed | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 placed | punct |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 placed | cc |
| 26 | placed | place | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 cut | parataxis |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 meat | det |
| 28 | meat | meat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 placed | obj |
| 29 | in | in | ADP | _ | 31 smoke | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 smoke | det |
| 31 | smoke | smoke | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 placed | obl |
| 32 | of | of | ADP | _ | 34 fires | case |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 fires | det |
| 34 | fires | fire | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 smoke | nmod |
| 35 | to | to | PART | _ | 36 dry | mark |
| 36 | dry | dry | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 34 fires | acl |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 cut | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | return | past | the hunters | evening | to the camp result | vn convert-26.6.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Patient to camp=Result | |||
| 2 | cut up | present | hunters = hunter | the animals | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset animal=Product | ||||
| 3 | kill | past · perfect · passive | the animals | day | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 4 | place | past | the meat | the smoke of the fires | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent meat=Theme in smoke=Destination | ||||
| 5 | dry | to-infinitive | vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||||
| 6 | smoke | the fires | nom smoke «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/25/52/