Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxxi.--chief Kekong’s Daughter ’ndere Who Married a Python., part 3, sentence 44
His father then said he was convinced that someone must have stolen the goat, and that all his people, including his son and daughter, would have to go through the ordeal of crossing over the river on a rope, to find out who had stolen the goat.
Who acts: father, BROTHER, someone, people, ordeal · What happens: say, be, steal, have, go, cross · To what, where: goat, ordeal, river · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxxi.--chief Kekong’s Daughter ’ndere Who Married a Python., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (father, BROTHER, someone, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | His | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 2 father | nmod:poss |
| 2 | father | father | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 said | nsubj |
| 3 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 4 said | advmod |
| 4 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 convinced | nsubj |
| 6 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 convinced | cop |
| 7 | convinced | convinced | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 said | ccomp |
| 8 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 12 stolen | mark |
| 9 | someone | someone | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Ind | 12 stolen | nsubj |
| 10 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 12 stolen | aux |
| 11 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 12 stolen | aux |
| 12 | stolen | steal | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 7 convinced | ccomp |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 goat | det |
| 14 | goat | goat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 stolen | obj |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 have | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 have | cc |
| 17 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 29 have | mark |
| 18 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 20 people | det:predet |
| 19 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 20 people | nmod:poss |
| 20 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 have | nsubj |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 son | punct |
| 22 | including | including | ADP | _ | 24 son | case |
| 23 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 24 son | nmod:poss |
| 24 | son | son | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 people | nmod |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 daughter | cc |
| 26 | daughter | daughter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 son | conj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 people | punct |
| 28 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 29 have | aux |
| 29 | have | have | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 said | ccomp |
| 30 | to | to | PART | _ | 31 go | mark |
| 31 | go | go | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 29 have | xcomp |
| 32 | through | through | ADP | _ | 34 ordeal | case |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 ordeal | det |
| 34 | ordeal | ordeal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 go | obl |
| 35 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 36 crossing | mark |
| 36 | crossing | cross | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 34 ordeal | acl |
| 37 | over | over | ADP | _ | 39 river | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 river | det |
| 39 | river | river | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 crossing | obl |
| 40 | on | on | ADP | _ | 42 rope | case |
| 41 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 42 rope | det |
| 42 | rope | rope | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 crossing | obl |
| 43 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 45 find | punct |
| 44 | to | to | PART | _ | 45 find | mark |
| 45 | find | find | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 29 have | parataxis |
| 46 | out | out | ADP | _ | 45 find | compound:prt |
| 47 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 49 stolen | nsubj |
| 48 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 49 stolen | aux |
| 49 | stolen | steal | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 45 find | ccomp |
| 50 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 51 goat | det |
| 51 | goat | goat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 49 stolen | obj |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | BROTHER's father | then | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 2 | is | past | BROTHER | convinced property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | steal | must · perfect | someone | the goat | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location goat=Theme | ||||
| 4 | have | would | BROTHER's people including BROTHER's son and daughter | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | go | to-infinitive | BROTHER's people including BROTHER's son and daughter not said here | the ordeal | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme through ordeal=Initial_Location | ||||
| 6 | cross | gerund | the ordeal not said here | the river | on a rope | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme over river=Initial_Location | |||
| 7 | find out | to-infinitive | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||||
| 8 | steal | past · perfect | the goat | who nsubj | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location goat=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/26/44/