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Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound., sentence 27

If you find him again he will be killed easily, as he cannot run so far a second time; there is, therefore, a second saying amongst the hunters that “A first run is a run for life, and when you are in danger you should run as far as you can before you stop to rest, as when you run the second time you will not be able to go so far.”

Who acts: you, iguana, that · What happens: find, kill, not run, be, run, stop · To what, where: iguana, second saying, run, danger, second time

This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, iguana, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

marknsubjadvclobjadvmodnsubj:passauxaux:passadvmodpunctmarknsubjauxadvmodconjadvmodadvmoddetamodobl:unmarkedpunctexplconjpunctadvmodpunctdetamodoblcasedetnmodnsubjpunctdetamodnsubjcopdetnmodcasenmodpunctccmarknsubjcopcaseadvclnsubjauxparataxisadvmodadvmodmarknsubjadvclmarknsubjadvclmarkxcomppunctmarkmarknsubjadvcldetamodobl:unmarkednsubjauxadvmodcopacl:relclmarkxcompadvmodadvmodpunctpunctrootIfSCONJyouPRONfindVERBhimPRONagainADVhePRONwillAUXbeAUXkilledVERBeasilyADV,PUNCTasSCONJhePRONcanAUXnotPARTrunVERBsoADVfarADVaDETsecondADJtimeNOUN;PUNCTtherePRONisVERB,PUNCTthereforeADV,PUNCTaDETsecondADJsayingNOUNamongstADPtheDEThuntersNOUNthatPRON“PUNCTADETfirstADJrunNOUNisAUXaDETrunNOUNforADPlifeNOUN,PUNCTandCCONJwhenSCONJyouPRONareAUXinADPdangerNOUNyouPRONshouldAUXrunVERBasADVfarADVasSCONJyouPRONcanAUXbeforeSCONJyouPRONstopVERBtoPARTrestVERB,PUNCTasSCONJwhenSCONJyouPRONrunVERBtheDETsecondADJtimeNOUNyouPRONwillAUXnotPARTbeAUXableADJtoPARTgoVERBsoADVfarADV.PUNCT”PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1IfifSCONJ_3 findmark
2youyouPRONCase=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs3 findnsubj
3findfindVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin9 killedadvcl
4himhePRONCase=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs3 findobj
5againagainADV_3 findadvmod
6hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs9 killednsubj:pass
7willwillAUXVerbForm=Fin9 killedaux
8bebeAUXVerbForm=Inf9 killedaux:pass
9killedkillVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Passrootroot
10easilyeasilyADV_9 killedadvmod
11,,PUNCT_16 runpunct
12asasSCONJ_16 runmark
13hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs16 runnsubj
14cancanAUXVerbForm=Fin16 runaux
15notnotPARTPolarity=Neg16 runadvmod
16runrunVERBVerbForm=Inf9 killedconj
17sosoADV_18 faradvmod
18farfarADVDegree=Pos16 runadvmod
19aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art21 timedet
20secondsecondADJDegree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord21 timeamod
21timetimeNOUNNumber=Sing18 farobl:unmarked
22;;PUNCT_24 ispunct
23theretherePRONPronType=Dem24 isexpl
24isbeVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin16 runconj
25,,PUNCT_30 sayingpunct
26thereforethereforeADV_30 sayingadvmod
27,,PUNCT_26 thereforepunct
28aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art30 sayingdet
29secondsecondADJDegree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord30 sayingamod
30sayingsayingNOUNNumber=Sing16 runobl
31amongstamongstADP_33 hunterscase
32thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art33 huntersdet
33huntershunterNOUNNumber=Plur30 sayingnmod
34thatthatPRONPronType=Rel41 runnsubj
35“"PUNCT_41 runpunct
36AaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art38 rundet
37firstfirstADJDegree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord38 runamod
38runrunNOUNNumber=Sing41 runnsubj
39isbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin41 runcop
40aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art41 rundet
41runrunNOUNNumber=Sing33 huntersnmod
42forforADP_43 lifecase
43lifelifeNOUNNumber=Sing41 runnmod
44,,PUNCT_53 runpunct
45andandCCONJ_53 runcc
46whenwhenSCONJ_50 dangermark
47youyouPRONCase=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs50 dangernsubj
48arebeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin50 dangercop
49ininADP_50 dangercase
50dangerdangerNOUNNumber=Sing53 runadvcl
51youyouPRONCase=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs53 runnsubj
52shouldshouldAUXVerbForm=Fin53 runaux
53runrunVERBVerbForm=Inf41 runparataxis
54asasADV_55 faradvmod
55farfarADVDegree=Pos53 runadvmod
56asasSCONJ_58 canmark
57youyouPRONCase=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs58 cannsubj
58cancanAUXVerbForm=Fin55 faradvcl
59beforebeforeSCONJ_61 stopmark
60youyouPRONCase=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs61 stopnsubj
61stopstopVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin53 runadvcl
62totoPART_63 restmark
63restrestVERBVerbForm=Inf61 stopxcomp
64,,PUNCT_68 runpunct
65asasSCONJ_68 runmark
66whenwhenSCONJ_68 runmark
67youyouPRONCase=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs68 runnsubj
68runrunVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin63 restadvcl
69thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art71 timedet
70secondsecondADJDegree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord71 timeamod
71timetimeNOUNNumber=Sing68 runobl:unmarked
72youyouPRONCase=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs76 ablensubj
73willwillAUXVerbForm=Fin76 ableaux
74notnotPARTPolarity=Neg76 ableadvmod
75bebeAUXVerbForm=Inf76 ablecop
76ableableADJDegree=Pos71 timeacl:relcl
77totoPART_78 gomark
78gogoVERBVerbForm=Inf76 ablexcomp
79sosoADV_80 faradvmod
80farfarADVDegree=Pos78 goadvmod
81..PUNCT_9 killedpunct
82”"PUNCT_9 killedpunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1find a condition, not said to happenpresentyouiguanaagainvn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Topic
2killfuture · passiveiguanaeasily propertyvn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
3not runcaniguanaa second saying amongst the huntersfar propertyvn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4bepresentiguana not said heretherevn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
5is a in a quotepresentthata runfor life; a first run nsubjtree rules
6is in a quotepresentyoudangertree rules
7run in a quoteshouldyoufar propertyvn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
8stop in a quotepresentyouvn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality
9rest in a quoteto-infinitiveyou not said herevn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
10run in a quotepresentyoutimevn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
11not is in a quotefutureyouthe second time not said hereable propertytree rules
12go in a quoteto-infinitiveyou not said herefar propertyvn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/29/27/