Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound., sentence 27
If you find him again he will be killed easily, as he cannot run so far a second time; there is, therefore, a second saying amongst the hunters that “A first run is a run for life, and when you are in danger you should run as far as you can before you stop to rest, as when you run the second time you will not be able to go so far.”
Who acts: you, iguana, that · What happens: find, kill, not run, be, run, stop · To what, where: iguana, second saying, run, danger, second time
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, iguana, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | If | if | SCONJ | _ | 3 find | mark |
| 2 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 3 find | nsubj |
| 3 | find | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 killed | advcl |
| 4 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 find | obj |
| 5 | again | again | ADV | _ | 3 find | advmod |
| 6 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 killed | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 9 killed | aux |
| 8 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 9 killed | aux:pass |
| 9 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 10 | easily | easily | ADV | _ | 9 killed | advmod |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 run | punct |
| 12 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 16 run | mark |
| 13 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 run | nsubj |
| 14 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 16 run | aux |
| 15 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 16 run | advmod |
| 16 | run | run | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 9 killed | conj |
| 17 | so | so | ADV | _ | 18 far | advmod |
| 18 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 16 run | advmod |
| 19 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 21 time | det |
| 20 | second | second | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 21 time | amod |
| 21 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 far | obl:unmarked |
| 22 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 24 is | punct |
| 23 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 24 is | expl |
| 24 | is | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 run | conj |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 saying | punct |
| 26 | therefore | therefore | ADV | _ | 30 saying | advmod |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 therefore | punct |
| 28 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 saying | det |
| 29 | second | second | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 30 saying | amod |
| 30 | saying | saying | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 run | obl |
| 31 | amongst | amongst | ADP | _ | 33 hunters | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 hunters | det |
| 33 | hunters | hunter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 saying | nmod |
| 34 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 41 run | nsubj |
| 35 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 41 run | punct |
| 36 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 38 run | det |
| 37 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 38 run | amod |
| 38 | run | run | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 run | nsubj |
| 39 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 41 run | cop |
| 40 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 41 run | det |
| 41 | run | run | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 hunters | nmod |
| 42 | for | for | ADP | _ | 43 life | case |
| 43 | life | life | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 run | nmod |
| 44 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 53 run | punct |
| 45 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 53 run | cc |
| 46 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 50 danger | mark |
| 47 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 50 danger | nsubj |
| 48 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 50 danger | cop |
| 49 | in | in | ADP | _ | 50 danger | case |
| 50 | danger | danger | NOUN | Number=Sing | 53 run | advcl |
| 51 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 53 run | nsubj |
| 52 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 53 run | aux |
| 53 | run | run | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 41 run | parataxis |
| 54 | as | as | ADV | _ | 55 far | advmod |
| 55 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 53 run | advmod |
| 56 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 58 can | mark |
| 57 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 58 can | nsubj |
| 58 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 55 far | advcl |
| 59 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 61 stop | mark |
| 60 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 61 stop | nsubj |
| 61 | stop | stop | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 53 run | advcl |
| 62 | to | to | PART | _ | 63 rest | mark |
| 63 | rest | rest | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 61 stop | xcomp |
| 64 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 68 run | punct |
| 65 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 68 run | mark |
| 66 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 68 run | mark |
| 67 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 68 run | nsubj |
| 68 | run | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 63 rest | advcl |
| 69 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 71 time | det |
| 70 | second | second | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 71 time | amod |
| 71 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 68 run | obl:unmarked |
| 72 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 76 able | nsubj |
| 73 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 76 able | aux |
| 74 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 76 able | advmod |
| 75 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 76 able | cop |
| 76 | able | able | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 71 time | acl:relcl |
| 77 | to | to | PART | _ | 78 go | mark |
| 78 | go | go | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 76 able | xcomp |
| 79 | so | so | ADV | _ | 80 far | advmod |
| 80 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 78 go | advmod |
| 81 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 killed | punct |
| 82 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 9 killed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | find a condition, not said to happen | present | you | iguana | again | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Topic | |||
| 2 | kill | future · passive | iguana | easily property | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 3 | not run | can | iguana | a second saying amongst the hunters | far property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||
| 4 | be | present | iguana not said here | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | is a in a quote | present | that | a run | for life; a first run nsubj | tree rules | |||
| 6 | is in a quote | present | you | danger | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | run in a quote | should | you | far property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 8 | stop in a quote | present | you | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 9 | rest in a quote | to-infinitive | you not said here | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 10 | run in a quote | present | you | time | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 11 | not is in a quote | future | you | the second time not said here | able property | tree rules | |||
| 12 | go in a quote | to-infinitive | you not said here | far property | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/29/27/