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Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound., sentence 28

[7] The natives believe that when a man whose first-born child is a boy happens to hit a toe on his right foot against a stone on his way to a town, that he will be badly received at that town, but if the toe which is hit by the stone is on his left foot, then the people will welcome him and treat him kindly.

Who acts: natives, man, boy, stone, toe, people · What happens: believe, bear, be, happen, hit, receive · To what, where: 7, boy, toe, man, town, left foot · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (natives, man, boy, stone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

punctoblpunctdetnsubjmarkmarkdetnsubjnmod:possamodpunctamodnmodcopdetnsubjccompmarkxcompdetobjcasenmod:possamodoblcasedetoblcasenmod:possoblcasedetnmodpunctmarknsubjauxaux:passadvmodconjcasedetoblpunctccmarkdetnsubjnsubj:passaux:passacl:relclcasedetoblcopcasenmod:possamodoblpunctadvmoddetnsubjauxparataxisobjccconjobjadvmodpunctroot[PUNCT7NUM]PUNCTTheDETnativesNOUNbelieveVERBthatSCONJwhenSCONJaDETmanNOUNwhosePRONfirstADJ-PUNCTbornVERBchildNOUNisAUXaDETboyNOUNhappensVERBtoPARThitVERBaDETtoeNOUNonADPhisPRONrightADJfootNOUNagainstADPaDETstoneNOUNonADPhisPRONwayNOUNtoADPaDETtownNOUN,PUNCTthatSCONJhePRONwillAUXbeAUXbadlyADVreceivedVERBatADPthatDETtownNOUN,PUNCTbutCCONJifSCONJtheDETtoeNOUNwhichPRONisAUXhitVERBbyADPtheDETstoneNOUNisAUXonADPhisPRONleftADJfootNOUN,PUNCTthenADVtheDETpeopleNOUNwillAUXwelcomeVERBhimPRONandCCONJtreatVERBhimPRONkindlyADV.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1[[PUNCT_2 7punct
277NUMNumForm=Digit NumType=Card6 believeobl
3]]PUNCT_2 7punct
4ThetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art5 nativesdet
5nativesnativeNOUNNumber=Plur6 believensubj
6believebelieveVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Finrootroot
7thatthatSCONJ_19 happensmark
8whenwhenSCONJ_18 boymark
9aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art10 mandet
10manmanNOUNNumber=Sing18 boynsubj
11whosewhosePRONPoss=Yes PronType=Rel15 childnmod:poss
12firstfirstADJDegree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord14 bornamod
13--PUNCT_12 firstpunct
14bornbearVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass15 childamod
15childchildNOUNNumber=Sing10 mannmod
16isbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin18 boycop
17aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art18 boydet
18boyboyNOUNNumber=Sing19 happensnsubj
19happenshappenVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin6 believeccomp
20totoPART_21 hitmark
21hithitVERBVerbForm=Inf19 happensxcomp
22aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art23 toedet
23toetoeNOUNNumber=Sing21 hitobj
24ononADP_27 footcase
25hishisPRONCase=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs27 footnmod:poss
26rightrightADJDegree=Pos27 footamod
27footfootNOUNNumber=Sing21 hitobl
28againstagainstADP_30 stonecase
29aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art30 stonedet
30stonestoneNOUNNumber=Sing21 hitobl
31ononADP_33 waycase
32hishisPRONCase=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs33 waynmod:poss
33waywayNOUNNumber=Sing21 hitobl
34totoADP_36 towncase
35aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art36 towndet
36towntownNOUNNumber=Sing33 waynmod
37,,PUNCT_43 receivedpunct
38thatthatSCONJ_43 receivedmark
39hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs43 receivednsubj
40willwillAUXVerbForm=Fin43 receivedaux
41bebeAUXVerbForm=Inf43 receivedaux:pass
42badlybadlyADVDegree=Pos43 receivedadvmod
43receivedreceiveVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass19 happensconj
44atatADP_46 towncase
45thatthatDETNumber=Sing PronType=Dem46 towndet
46towntownNOUNNumber=Sing43 receivedobl
47,,PUNCT_62 footpunct
48butbutCCONJ_62 footcc
49ififSCONJ_62 footmark
50thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art51 toedet
51toetoeNOUNNumber=Sing62 footnsubj
52whichwhichPRONPronType=Rel54 hitnsubj:pass
53isbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin54 hitaux:pass
54hithitVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass51 toeacl:relcl
55bybyADP_57 stonecase
56thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art57 stonedet
57stonestoneNOUNNumber=Sing54 hitobl
58isbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin62 footcop
59ononADP_62 footcase
60hishisPRONCase=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs62 footnmod:poss
61leftleftADJDegree=Pos62 footamod
62footfootNOUNNumber=Sing19 happensobl
63,,PUNCT_68 welcomepunct
64thenthenADVPronType=Dem68 welcomeadvmod
65thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art66 peopledet
66peoplepeopleNOUNNumber=Plur68 welcomensubj
67willwillAUXVerbForm=Fin68 welcomeaux
68welcomewelcomeVERBVerbForm=Inf62 footparataxis
69himhePRONCase=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs68 welcomeobj
70andandCCONJ_71 treatcc
71treattreatVERBVerbForm=Inf68 welcomeconj
72himhePRONCase=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs71 treatobj
73kindlykindlyADV_71 treatadvmod
74..PUNCT_6 believepunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1believepresentthe natives7vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus
2bearparticiplevn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer
3is apresenta man a man a man's born child's born childa boytree rules
4happenpresenta boytree rules
5hitto-infinitivea boy not said herea toeagainst a stone; on boy's way to a town; on boy's right footvn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent toe=Instrument on foot=Patient
6receivefuture · passivemanthat townbadly propertyvn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Theme at town=Location
7hitpresent · passivethe stonethe toevn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Co-Theme
8is a condition, not said to happenpresentthe toeboy's left footboy nmod:posstree rules
9welcomefuturethe peopleboythenvn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme
10treatinfinitivethe people not said hereboykindly propertyvn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent he=Recipient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

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