Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell., sentence 7
When the morning came he hid himself in the bush near the place, in order to see who might be the first animal to pass the piece of ground, so that he could give false information against him.
Who acts: morning, hare · What happens: come, hide, see, be, pass, give · To what, where: hare, bush, first animal, piece, false information · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (morning, hare), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | SCONJ | _ | 4 came | mark |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 morning | det |
| 3 | morning | morning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 came | nsubj |
| 4 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 hid | advcl |
| 5 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 hid | nsubj |
| 6 | hid | hide | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | himself | himself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 6 hid | obj |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 bush | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 bush | det |
| 10 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 hid | obl |
| 11 | near | near | ADP | _ | 13 place | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 place | det |
| 13 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 hid | obl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 see | punct |
| 15 | in | in | SCONJ | ExtPos=SCONJ | 18 see | mark |
| 16 | order | order | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 in | fixed |
| 17 | to | to | PART | _ | 18 see | mark |
| 18 | see | see | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 hid | conj |
| 19 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 24 animal | nsubj |
| 20 | might | might | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 24 animal | aux |
| 21 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 24 animal | cop |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 animal | det |
| 23 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 24 animal | amod |
| 24 | animal | animal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 see | ccomp |
| 25 | to | to | PART | _ | 26 pass | mark |
| 26 | pass | pass | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 animal | acl |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 piece | det |
| 28 | piece | piece | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 pass | obj |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 ground | case |
| 30 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 piece | nmod |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 give | punct |
| 32 | so | so | SCONJ | ExtPos=SCONJ | 36 give | mark |
| 33 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 32 so | fixed |
| 34 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 36 give | nsubj |
| 35 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 36 give | aux |
| 36 | give | give | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 see | conj |
| 37 | false | false | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 information | amod |
| 38 | information | information | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 give | obj |
| 39 | against | against | ADP | _ | 40 him | case |
| 40 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 36 give | obl |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 hid | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | the morning | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | hide | past | hare | hare | the bush | near the place | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent himself=Patient in bush=Location | ||
| 3 | see | to-infinitive | hare not said here | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 4 | is a | might | the first animal | who nsubj | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | pass | to-infinitive | hare not said here | the piece of ground | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme piece=Trajectory | ||||
| 6 | give | could | hare | false information | against piece | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent information=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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