Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell., sentence 73
When she got inside she put all the little pieces of the shell together and placed them on her husband’s back, where they grew quite strongly, but the marks showed where the pieces were joined together, and that is why you always find that the shell of a tortoise is covered in patches, and not smooth as it was formerly.--[E.D., 26.5.10.]
Who acts: shell, people, marks, that, you, basket · What happens: get, put, place, grow, show, join · To what, where: little pieces, people, pieces, shell · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (shell, people, marks, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 3 got | advmod |
| 2 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 got | nsubj |
| 3 | got | get | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 put | advcl |
| 4 | inside | inside | ADV | _ | 3 got | advmod |
| 5 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 put | nsubj |
| 6 | put | put | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 10 pieces | det:predet |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 pieces | det |
| 9 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 pieces | amod |
| 10 | pieces | piece | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 put | obj |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 shell | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 shell | det |
| 13 | shell | shell | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 pieces | nmod |
| 14 | together | together | ADV | _ | 6 put | advmod |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 placed | cc |
| 16 | placed | place | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 put | conj |
| 17 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 placed | obj |
| 18 | on | on | ADP | _ | 20 husband | case |
| 19 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 20 husband | nmod:poss |
| 20 | husband | husband | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 ’s | obl |
| 21 | ’s | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 placed | advcl |
| 22 | back | back | ADV | _ | 21 ’s | advmod |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 grew | punct |
| 24 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 26 grew | advmod |
| 25 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 grew | nsubj |
| 26 | grew | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 21 ’s | parataxis |
| 27 | quite | quite | ADV | _ | 28 strongly | advmod |
| 28 | strongly | strongly | ADV | _ | 26 grew | advmod |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 showed | punct |
| 30 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 33 showed | cc |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 marks | det |
| 32 | marks | mark | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 showed | nsubj |
| 33 | showed | show | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 26 grew | conj |
| 34 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 38 joined | advmod |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 pieces | det |
| 36 | pieces | piece | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 joined | nsubj:pass |
| 37 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 38 joined | aux:pass |
| 38 | joined | join | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 33 showed | ccomp |
| 39 | together | together | ADV | _ | 38 joined | advmod |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 why | punct |
| 41 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 44 why | cc |
| 42 | that | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 44 why | nsubj |
| 43 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 44 why | cop |
| 44 | why | why | ADV | PronType=Int | 38 joined | conj |
| 45 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 47 find | nsubj |
| 46 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 47 find | advmod |
| 47 | find | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 44 why | advcl:relcl |
| 48 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 55 covered | mark |
| 49 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 50 shell | det |
| 50 | shell | shell | NOUN | Number=Sing | 55 covered | nsubj:pass |
| 51 | of | of | ADP | _ | 53 tortoise | case |
| 52 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 53 tortoise | det |
| 53 | tortoise | tortoise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 shell | nmod |
| 54 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 55 covered | aux:pass |
| 55 | covered | cover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 47 find | ccomp |
| 56 | in | in | ADP | _ | 57 patches | case |
| 57 | patches | patch | NOUN | Number=Plur | 55 covered | obl |
| 58 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 61 smooth | punct |
| 59 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 61 smooth | cc |
| 60 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 61 smooth | advmod |
| 61 | smooth | smooth | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 showed | conj |
| 62 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 65 formerly | mark |
| 63 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 65 formerly | nsubj |
| 64 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 65 formerly | cop |
| 65 | formerly | formerly | ADV | _ | 61 smooth | advcl |
| 66 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 put | punct |
| 67 | -- | -- | PUNCT | _ | 69 E.D | punct |
| 68 | [ | [ | PUNCT | _ | 69 E.D | punct |
| 69 | E.D | E.D | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 put | obl |
| 70 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 69 E.D | punct |
| 71 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 72 26.5.10 | punct |
| 72 | 26.5.10 | 26.5.10 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 69 E.D | appos |
| 73 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 72 26.5.10 | punct |
| 74 | ] | ] | PUNCT | _ | 72 26.5.10 | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | get | past | shell | inside property | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 2 | put | past | shell | all little pieces of the shell | E.D obl; together property | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent piece=Goal | |||
| 3 | place | past | shell not said here | people | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | ||||
| 4 | grow | past | people | strongly property | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | show | past | the marks | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 6 | join | past · passive | the pieces | together property | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | ||||
| 7 | is | present | that | why property | tree rules | ||||
| 8 | find | present | you | always property | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | ||||
| 9 | cover | present · passive | the shell of a tortoise | in patches | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in patch=Theme | ||||
| 10 | is | past | basket | formerly property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/4/73/