Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again., sentence 47
After five years had elapsed Edim had made a lot of money, so he returned to Inkum with the other four boys, knowing that, even if he were recognised, he would not be killed, as the people had filled the grave with bodies the day after he had escaped.
Who acts: Edim, people · What happens: elapse, make, return, know, recognise, not kill · To what, where: lot, Inkum, that, Edim, grave
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Edim, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | After | after | ADP | _ | 3 years | case |
| 2 | five | five | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 3 years | nummod |
| 3 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 elapsed | obl |
| 4 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 elapsed | aux |
| 5 | elapsed | elapse | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 6 | Edim | Edim | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 made | nsubj |
| 7 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 made | aux |
| 8 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 elapsed | xcomp |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 10 lot | det |
| 10 | lot | lot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 made | obj |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 money | case |
| 12 | money | money | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 lot | nmod |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 returned | punct |
| 14 | so | so | ADV | _ | 16 returned | advmod |
| 15 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 returned | nsubj |
| 16 | returned | return | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 elapsed | conj |
| 17 | to | to | ADP | _ | 18 Inkum | case |
| 18 | Inkum | Inkum | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 returned | obl |
| 19 | with | with | ADP | _ | 23 boys | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 boys | det |
| 21 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 boys | amod |
| 22 | four | four | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 23 boys | nummod |
| 23 | boys | boy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 returned | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 knowing | punct |
| 25 | knowing | know | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 16 returned | advcl |
| 26 | that | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 25 knowing | obj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 recognised | punct |
| 28 | even | even | ADV | _ | 32 recognised | advmod |
| 29 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 32 recognised | mark |
| 30 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 recognised | nsubj |
| 31 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 recognised | aux:pass |
| 32 | recognised | recognise | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 elapsed | conj |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 killed | punct |
| 34 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 38 killed | nsubj:pass |
| 35 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 38 killed | aux |
| 36 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 38 killed | advmod |
| 37 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 38 killed | aux:pass |
| 38 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 elapsed | parataxis |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 filled | punct |
| 40 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 44 filled | mark |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 people | det |
| 42 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 filled | nsubj |
| 43 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 44 filled | aux |
| 44 | filled | fill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 38 killed | conj |
| 45 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 46 grave | det |
| 46 | grave | grave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 filled | obj |
| 47 | with | with | ADP | _ | 48 bodies | case |
| 48 | bodies | body | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 grave | nmod |
| 49 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 50 day | det |
| 50 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 filled | obl:unmarked |
| 51 | after | after | SCONJ | _ | 54 escaped | mark |
| 52 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 54 escaped | nsubj |
| 53 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 54 escaped | aux |
| 54 | escaped | escape | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 44 filled | advcl |
| 55 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 elapsed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | elapse | past · perfect | year | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | make | past · perfect | Edim | a lot of money | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Product | ||||
| 3 | return | past | Edim | Inkum | with the other four boys | vn convert-26.6.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Patient to inkum=Result | |||
| 4 | know | gerund | Edim not said here | that | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer that=Stimulus | ||||
| 5 | recognise a condition, not said to happen | past · passive | Edim | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus | |||||
| 6 | not kill | would · passive | Edim | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 7 | fill | past · perfect | the people | the grave | day | with bodies | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent grave=Patient with body=Instrument | ||
| 8 | escape | past · perfect | Edim | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/5/47/