Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 15
The singing and dancing then began, and the tombo was passed round, but when it came to the turn of the man sitting on the rock, just at the moment when he began to drink, one of the Inkum boys, who had been instructed by the chief what to do, seized him by the ankles and pushed him over backwards, so that he fell into the pit on the sharp stakes and was killed at once.
Who acts: singing, tombo, man, chief · What happens: begin, pass round, come, sit, drink, instruct · To what, where: tombo, one, turn, rock, Inkum boys, chief
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (singing, tombo, man, chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 singing | det |
| 2 | singing | singing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 began | nsubj |
| 3 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 4 dancing | cc |
| 4 | dancing | dancing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 singing | conj |
| 5 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 6 began | advmod |
| 6 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 passed | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 passed | cc |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 tombo | det |
| 10 | tombo | tombo | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 passed | nsubj:pass |
| 11 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 passed | aux:pass |
| 12 | passed | pass | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 began | conj |
| 13 | round | round | ADV | _ | 12 passed | advmod |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 came | punct |
| 15 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 18 came | cc |
| 16 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 18 came | advmod |
| 17 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 came | nsubj |
| 18 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 began | parataxis |
| 19 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 turn | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 turn | det |
| 21 | turn | turn | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 came | obl |
| 22 | of | of | ADP | _ | 24 man | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 man | det |
| 24 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 turn | nmod |
| 25 | sitting | sit | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 24 man | acl |
| 26 | on | on | ADP | _ | 28 rock | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 rock | det |
| 28 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 sitting | obl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 moment | punct |
| 30 | just | just | ADV | _ | 33 moment | advmod |
| 31 | at | at | ADP | _ | 33 moment | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 moment | det |
| 33 | moment | moment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 sitting | obl |
| 34 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 36 began | advmod |
| 35 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 36 began | nsubj |
| 36 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 25 sitting | advcl |
| 37 | to | to | PART | _ | 38 drink | mark |
| 38 | drink | drink | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 36 began | xcomp |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 one | punct |
| 40 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 18 came | obl |
| 41 | of | of | ADP | _ | 44 boys | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 boys | det |
| 43 | Inkum | Inkum | PROPN | Number=Sing | 44 boys | compound |
| 44 | boys | boy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 one | nmod |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 49 instructed | punct |
| 46 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 49 instructed | nsubj:pass |
| 47 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 49 instructed | aux |
| 48 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 49 instructed | aux:pass |
| 49 | instructed | instruct | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 44 boys | acl:relcl |
| 50 | by | by | ADP | _ | 52 chief | case |
| 51 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 52 chief | det |
| 52 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 49 instructed | obl |
| 53 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 55 do | obj |
| 54 | to | to | PART | _ | 55 do | mark |
| 55 | do | do | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 52 chief | acl:relcl |
| 56 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 57 seized | punct |
| 57 | seized | seize | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 came | conj |
| 58 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 57 seized | obj |
| 59 | by | by | ADP | _ | 61 ankles | case |
| 60 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 61 ankles | det |
| 61 | ankles | ankle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 57 seized | obl |
| 62 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 63 pushed | cc |
| 63 | pushed | push | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 57 seized | conj |
| 64 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 63 pushed | obj |
| 65 | over | over | ADP | _ | 66 backwards | case |
| 66 | backwards | backwards | ADV | _ | 63 pushed | obl |
| 67 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 71 fell | punct |
| 68 | so | so | SCONJ | ExtPos=SCONJ | 71 fell | mark |
| 69 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 68 so | fixed |
| 70 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 71 fell | nsubj |
| 71 | fell | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 57 seized | parataxis |
| 72 | into | into | ADP | _ | 74 pit | case |
| 73 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 74 pit | det |
| 74 | pit | pit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 71 fell | obl |
| 75 | on | on | ADP | _ | 78 stakes | case |
| 76 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 78 stakes | det |
| 77 | sharp | sharp | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 78 stakes | amod |
| 78 | stakes | stake | NOUN | Number=Plur | 71 fell | obl |
| 79 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 81 killed | cc |
| 80 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 81 killed | aux:pass |
| 81 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 71 fell | conj |
| 82 | at | at | ADP | _ | 83 once | case |
| 83 | once | once | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 81 killed | obl |
| 84 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 began | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | begin | past | the singing and dancing | then | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||
| 2 | pass round | past · passive | the tombo | round property | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: subject=Trajectory | ||||
| 3 | come | past | tombo | one of the Inkum boys | the turn of the man | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to turn=Initial_Location | |||
| 4 | sit | gerund | the man not said here | the rock | moment | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on rock=Location | |||
| 5 | begin | past | man | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 6 | drink | to-infinitive | man not said here | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 7 | instruct speech: other | past · perfect · passive | the chief | the Inkum boys | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent subject=Recipient | ||||
| 8 | do | to-infinitive | the chief not said here | the chief | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality | ||||
| 9 | seize | past | tombo not said here | Chief | by the ankles | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme | |||
| 10 | push | past | tombo not said here | Chief | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent he=Theme over backwards=Trajectory | ||||
| 11 | fall | past | Chief | the pit | on the sharp stakes | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on stake=Location | |||
| 12 | kill | past · passive | Chief not said here | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle» |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/15/