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Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 15

The singing and dancing then began, and the tombo was passed round, but when it came to the turn of the man sitting on the rock, just at the moment when he began to drink, one of the Inkum boys, who had been instructed by the chief what to do, seized him by the ankles and pushed him over backwards, so that he fell into the pit on the sharp stakes and was killed at once.

Who acts: singing, tombo, man, chief · What happens: begin, pass round, come, sit, drink, instruct · To what, where: tombo, one, turn, rock, Inkum boys, chief

This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (singing, tombo, man, chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

detnsubjccconjadvmodpunctccdetnsubj:passaux:passconjadvmodpunctccadvmodnsubjparataxiscasedetoblcasedetnmodaclcasedetoblpunctadvmodcasedetobladvmodnsubjadvclmarkxcomppunctoblcasedetcompoundnmodpunctnsubj:passauxaux:passacl:relclcasedetoblobjmarkacl:relclpunctconjobjcasedetoblccconjobjcaseoblpunctmarkfixednsubjparataxiscasedetoblcasedetamodoblccaux:passconjcaseoblpunctrootTheDETsingingNOUNandCCONJdancingNOUNthenADVbeganVERB,PUNCTandCCONJtheDETtomboNOUNwasAUXpassedVERBroundADV,PUNCTbutCCONJwhenADVitPRONcameVERBtoADPtheDETturnNOUNofADPtheDETmanNOUNsittingVERBonADPtheDETrockNOUN,PUNCTjustADVatADPtheDETmomentNOUNwhenADVhePRONbeganVERBtoPARTdrinkVERB,PUNCToneNUMofADPtheDETInkumPROPNboysNOUN,PUNCTwhoPRONhadAUXbeenAUXinstructedVERBbyADPtheDETchiefNOUNwhatPRONtoPARTdoVERB,PUNCTseizedVERBhimPRONbyADPtheDETanklesNOUNandCCONJpushedVERBhimPRONoverADPbackwardsADV,PUNCTsoSCONJthatSCONJhePRONfellVERBintoADPtheDETpitNOUNonADPtheDETsharpADJstakesNOUNandCCONJwasAUXkilledVERBatADPonceADV.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1ThetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art2 singingdet
2singingsingingNOUNNumber=Sing6 begannsubj
3andandCCONJ_4 dancingcc
4dancingdancingNOUNNumber=Sing2 singingconj
5thenthenADVPronType=Dem6 beganadvmod
6beganbeginVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Finrootroot
7,,PUNCT_12 passedpunct
8andandCCONJ_12 passedcc
9thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art10 tombodet
10tombotomboNOUNNumber=Sing12 passednsubj:pass
11wasbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin12 passedaux:pass
12passedpassVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass6 beganconj
13roundroundADV_12 passedadvmod
14,,PUNCT_18 camepunct
15butbutCCONJ_18 camecc
16whenwhenADVPronType=Int18 cameadvmod
17ititPRONCase=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs18 camensubj
18camecomeVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin6 beganparataxis
19totoADP_21 turncase
20thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art21 turndet
21turnturnNOUNNumber=Sing18 cameobl
22ofofADP_24 mancase
23thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art24 mandet
24manmanNOUNNumber=Sing21 turnnmod
25sittingsitVERBVerbForm=Ger24 manacl
26ononADP_28 rockcase
27thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art28 rockdet
28rockrockNOUNNumber=Sing25 sittingobl
29,,PUNCT_33 momentpunct
30justjustADV_33 momentadvmod
31atatADP_33 momentcase
32thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art33 momentdet
33momentmomentNOUNNumber=Sing25 sittingobl
34whenwhenADVPronType=Int36 beganadvmod
35hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs36 begannsubj
36beganbeginVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin25 sittingadvcl
37totoPART_38 drinkmark
38drinkdrinkVERBVerbForm=Inf36 beganxcomp
39,,PUNCT_40 onepunct
40oneoneNUMNumForm=Word NumType=Card18 cameobl
41ofofADP_44 boyscase
42thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art44 boysdet
43InkumInkumPROPNNumber=Sing44 boyscompound
44boysboyNOUNNumber=Plur40 onenmod
45,,PUNCT_49 instructedpunct
46whowhoPRONPronType=Rel49 instructednsubj:pass
47hadhaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin49 instructedaux
48beenbeAUXTense=Past VerbForm=Part49 instructedaux:pass
49instructedinstructVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass44 boysacl:relcl
50bybyADP_52 chiefcase
51thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art52 chiefdet
52chiefchiefNOUNNumber=Sing49 instructedobl
53whatwhatPRONPronType=Int55 doobj
54totoPART_55 domark
55dodoVERBVerbForm=Inf52 chiefacl:relcl
56,,PUNCT_57 seizedpunct
57seizedseizeVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin18 cameconj
58himhePRONCase=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs57 seizedobj
59bybyADP_61 anklescase
60thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art61 anklesdet
61anklesankleNOUNNumber=Plur57 seizedobl
62andandCCONJ_63 pushedcc
63pushedpushVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin57 seizedconj
64himhePRONCase=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs63 pushedobj
65overoverADP_66 backwardscase
66backwardsbackwardsADV_63 pushedobl
67,,PUNCT_71 fellpunct
68sosoSCONJExtPos=SCONJ71 fellmark
69thatthatSCONJ_68 sofixed
70hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs71 fellnsubj
71fellfallVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin57 seizedparataxis
72intointoADP_74 pitcase
73thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art74 pitdet
74pitpitNOUNNumber=Sing71 fellobl
75ononADP_78 stakescase
76thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art78 stakesdet
77sharpsharpADJDegree=Pos78 stakesamod
78stakesstakeNOUNNumber=Plur71 fellobl
79andandCCONJ_81 killedcc
80wasbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin81 killedaux:pass
81killedkillVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass71 fellconj
82atatADP_83 oncecase
83onceonceADVNumForm=Word NumType=Mult81 killedobl
84..PUNCT_6 beganpunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1beginpastthe singing and dancingthenvn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
2pass roundpast · passivethe tomboround propertyvn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: subject=Trajectory
3comepasttomboone of the Inkum boysthe turn of the manvn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to turn=Initial_Location
4sitgerundthe man not said herethe rockmomentvn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on rock=Location
5beginpastmanvn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
6drinkto-infinitiveman not said herevn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
7instruct speech: otherpast · perfect · passivethe chiefthe Inkum boysvn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent subject=Recipient
8doto-infinitivethe chief not said herethe chiefvn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality
9seizepasttombo not said hereChiefby the anklesvn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme
10pushpasttombo not said hereChiefvn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent he=Theme over backwards=Trajectory
11fallpastChiefthe piton the sharp stakesvn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on stake=Location
12killpast · passiveChief not said herevn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

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