Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xii.--concerning the Okuni Witches and Cannibalism., sentence 61
Chief Elullo replied that he could not help his feelings, and that, Amoru had seen a man or woman killed every night for a month and a half, and that he had received his share although the people who had been killed and eaten were the dear relations of some of the witches.
Who acts: Chief, that, man, Amoru, people · What happens: reply, not help, see, kill, receive, eat · To what, where: feelings, share, people, dear relations
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xii.--concerning the Okuni Witches and Cannibalism.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Chief, that, man, Amoru), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chief | Chief | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 replied | nsubj |
| 2 | Elullo | Elullo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 1 Chief | flat |
| 3 | replied | reply | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 8 help | mark |
| 5 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 8 help | nsubj |
| 6 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 8 help | aux |
| 7 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 8 help | advmod |
| 8 | help | help | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 replied | advcl |
| 9 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 feelings | nmod:poss |
| 10 | feelings | feeling | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 help | obj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 seen | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 seen | cc |
| 13 | that | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 17 seen | nsubj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 that | punct |
| 15 | Amoru | Amoru | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 seen | nsubj |
| 16 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 17 seen | aux |
| 17 | seen | see | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 22 killed | advcl |
| 18 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 man | det |
| 19 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 killed | nsubj |
| 20 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 21 woman | cc |
| 21 | woman | woman | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 man | conj |
| 22 | killed | kill | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 replied | parataxis |
| 23 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 24 night | det |
| 24 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 killed | obl:unmarked |
| 25 | for | for | ADP | _ | 27 month | case |
| 26 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 27 month | det |
| 27 | month | month | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 killed | obl |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 half | cc |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 half | det |
| 30 | half | half | NOUN | Number=Sing NumForm=Word NumType=Frac | 27 month | conj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 received | punct |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 received | cc |
| 33 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 36 received | mark |
| 34 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 36 received | nsubj |
| 35 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 36 received | aux |
| 36 | received | receive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 3 replied | parataxis |
| 37 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 38 share | nmod:poss |
| 38 | share | share | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 received | obj |
| 39 | although | although | SCONJ | _ | 51 relations | mark |
| 40 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 people | det |
| 41 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 51 relations | nsubj |
| 42 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 45 killed | nsubj:pass |
| 43 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 45 killed | aux |
| 44 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 45 killed | aux:pass |
| 45 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 41 people | acl:relcl |
| 46 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 47 eaten | cc |
| 47 | eaten | eat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 45 killed | conj |
| 48 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 51 relations | cop |
| 49 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 51 relations | det |
| 50 | dear | dear | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 51 relations | amod |
| 51 | relations | relation | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 received | advcl |
| 52 | of | of | ADP | _ | 53 some | case |
| 53 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 51 relations | nmod |
| 54 | of | of | ADP | _ | 56 witches | case |
| 55 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 56 witches | det |
| 56 | witches | witch | NOUN | Number=Plur | 53 some | nmod |
| 57 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 replied | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | reply speech: assert | past | Chief | vn respond-113 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | not help | could | chief | chief's feelings | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent feeling=Beneficiary | ||||
| 3 | see | past · perfect | that | Amoru nsubj | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 4 | kill | past | a man or woman | month; night | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 5 | receive | past · perfect | Amoru | chief's share | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent share=Theme | ||||
| 6 | kill | past · perfect · passive | the people | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 7 | eat | participle | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 8 | is a | past | the people | the dear relations | of some of the witches | tree rules | |||
| 9 | share | chief | nom share «possession transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/9/61/