Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xii.--concerning the Okuni Witches and Cannibalism., sentence 72
Amoru also said, “one of the witches will present the calabash holding ‘the night’ three times, and on the third time you must smash the ‘night’ calabash[4] with your matchet, and it will at once become light.”
Who acts: Amoru, one, calabash, you · What happens: say, present, hold, smash, become · To what, where: calabash, night calabash · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xii.--concerning the Okuni Witches and Cannibalism.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Amoru, one, calabash, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Amoru | Amoru | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 said | nsubj |
| 2 | also | also | ADV | _ | 3 said | advmod |
| 3 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 one | punct |
| 5 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 one | punct |
| 6 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 11 present | nsubj |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 witches | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 witches | det |
| 9 | witches | witch | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 one | nmod |
| 10 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 11 present | aux |
| 11 | present | present | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 said | ccomp |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 calabash | det |
| 13 | calabash | calabash | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 present | obj |
| 14 | holding | hold | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 13 calabash | acl |
| 15 | ‘ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 17 night | punct |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 night | det |
| 17 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 holding | obj |
| 18 | ’ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 17 night | punct |
| 19 | three | three | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 20 times | nummod |
| 20 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 holding | obl |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 smash | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 smash | cc |
| 23 | on | on | ADP | _ | 26 time | case |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 time | det |
| 25 | third | third | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 26 time | amod |
| 26 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 smash | obl |
| 27 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 29 smash | nsubj |
| 28 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 29 smash | aux |
| 29 | smash | smash | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 said | conj |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 calabash | det |
| 31 | ‘ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 32 night | punct |
| 32 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 calabash | compound |
| 33 | ’ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 32 night | punct |
| 34 | calabash | calabash | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 smash | obj |
| 35 | [ | [ | PUNCT | _ | 36 4 | punct |
| 36 | 4 | 4 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 34 calabash | appos |
| 37 | ] | ] | PUNCT | _ | 36 4 | punct |
| 38 | with | with | ADP | _ | 40 matchet | case |
| 39 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 40 matchet | nmod:poss |
| 40 | matchet | matchet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 smash | obl |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 will | punct |
| 42 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 44 will | cc |
| 43 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 44 will | nsubj |
| 44 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 3 said | ccomp |
| 45 | at | at | ADP | _ | 48 light | case |
| 46 | once | once | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 47 become | advmod |
| 47 | become | become | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 48 light | amod |
| 48 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 will | obl |
| 49 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 said | punct |
| 50 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | Amoru | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | present in a quote | future | one of the witches | the calabash | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent calabash=Theme | ||||
| 3 | hold in a quote | gerund | the calabash not said here | night; time | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | smash in a quote | must | you | the night calabash | time | with your matchet | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent calabash=Patient with matchet=Instrument | ||
| 5 | become in a quote | participle | once property | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/9/72/