Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xii.--concerning the Okuni Witches and Cannibalism., sentence 73
He told his brother to be brave and not to make a noise or tell anyone until the calabash was broken.
Who acts: Amoru · What happens: tell, be, not make, break · To what, where: brother, noise, anyone, calabash · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xii.--concerning the Okuni Witches and Cannibalism.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Amoru), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 told | nsubj |
| 2 | told | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 4 brother | nmod:poss |
| 4 | brother | brother | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 told | iobj |
| 5 | to | to | PART | _ | 7 brave | mark |
| 6 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 7 brave | cop |
| 7 | brave | brave | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 told | ccomp |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 make | cc |
| 9 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 11 make | advmod |
| 10 | to | to | PART | _ | 11 make | mark |
| 11 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 brave | conj |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 noise | det |
| 13 | noise | noise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 make | obj |
| 14 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 15 tell | cc |
| 15 | tell | tell | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 11 make | conj |
| 16 | anyone | anyone | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Ind | 15 tell | obj |
| 17 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 21 broken | mark |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 calabash | det |
| 19 | calabash | calabash | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 broken | nsubj:pass |
| 20 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 21 broken | aux:pass |
| 21 | broken | break | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 tell | advcl |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 told | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tell speech: assert | past | Amoru | Amoru's brother | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent brother=Recipient | ||||
| 2 | is not said to happen | to-infinitive | brave property | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | not make | to-infinitive | a noise | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset noise=Product | |||||
| 4 | tell speech: assert | infinitive | anyone | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent anyone=Recipient | |||||
| 5 | break | past · passive | the calabash | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/9/73/