Kaffir folk-lore, Opening, sentence 35
Most of them have been obtained from at least ten or twelve individuals residing in different parts of the country, and they have all undergone a thorough revision by a circle of natives.
Who acts: ten individuals, Tales · What happens: obtain, reside, undergo · To what, where: Most, ten individuals, different parts, thorough revision
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ten individuals, Tales), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Most | most | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 6 obtained | nsubj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 3 them | case |
| 3 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 1 Most | nmod |
| 4 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 obtained | aux |
| 5 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 6 obtained | aux:pass |
| 6 | obtained | obtain | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 7 | from | from | ADP | _ | 13 individuals | case |
| 8 | at | at | ADP | _ | 9 least | case |
| 9 | least | least | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 10 ten | nmod |
| 10 | ten | ten | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 13 individuals | nummod |
| 11 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 12 twelve | cc |
| 12 | twelve | twelve | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 10 ten | conj |
| 13 | individuals | individual | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 obtained | obl |
| 14 | residing | reside | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 13 individuals | acl |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 17 parts | case |
| 16 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 parts | amod |
| 17 | parts | part | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 residing | obl |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 country | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 country | det |
| 20 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 parts | nmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 undergone | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 undergone | cc |
| 23 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 undergone | nsubj |
| 24 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 undergone | aux |
| 25 | all | all | ADV | _ | 26 undergone | advmod |
| 26 | undergone | undergo | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 6 obtained | conj |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 29 revision | det |
| 28 | thorough | thorough | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 revision | amod |
| 29 | revision | revision | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 undergone | obj |
| 30 | by | by | ADP | _ | 32 circle | case |
| 31 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 32 circle | det |
| 32 | circle | circle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 undergone | obl |
| 33 | of | of | ADP | _ | 34 natives | case |
| 34 | natives | native | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 circle | nmod |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 obtained | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | obtain | present · perfect · passive | Most of Tales | ten individuals | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from individual=Source | ||||
| 2 | reside | gerund | ten individuals not said here | different parts of the country | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in part=Location | ||||
| 3 | undergo | present · perfect | Tales = tale | a thorough revision | by a circle of natives; all property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/1/35/