Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 122
Hlakanyana answered: “It must be the old man who is sleeping there.”
Who acts: Hlakanyana, pot, old man · What happens: answer, be, sleep · To what, where: old man · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, pot, old man), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hlakanyana | Hlakanyana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 answered | nsubj |
| 2 | answered | answer | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 2 answered | punct |
| 4 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 man | punct |
| 5 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 man | nsubj |
| 6 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 10 man | aux |
| 7 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 10 man | cop |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 man | det |
| 9 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 man | amod |
| 10 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 answered | ccomp |
| 11 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 13 sleeping | nsubj |
| 12 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 sleeping | aux |
| 13 | sleeping | sleep | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 10 man | acl:relcl |
| 14 | there | there | ADV | PronType=Dem | 13 sleeping | advmod |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 man | punct |
| 16 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 man | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | answer speech: assert | past | Hlakanyana | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | is a in a quote | must | pot | the old man | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | sleep in a quote | present · progressive | the old man | there | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/122/