Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 169
The elder one said: “How can you say such a thing?
Who acts: elder one, you · What happens: say · To what, where: thing · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (elder one, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 one | det |
| 2 | elder | elder | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 one | amod |
| 3 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 said | nsubj |
| 4 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 10 say | punct |
| 6 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 say | punct |
| 7 | How | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 10 say | advmod |
| 8 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 10 say | aux |
| 9 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 10 say | nsubj |
| 10 | say | say | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 said | parataxis |
| 11 | such | such | DET | PronType=Ind | 13 thing | det:predet |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 thing | det |
| 13 | thing | thing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 say | obj |
| 14 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 4 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: ask | past | the elder one | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | say speech: assert in a quote | can | you | such thing | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent thing=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/169/