Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 207
The boy denied having done so, but Hlakanyana said: “You must pay for my birds with that digging-stick.”
Who acts: boy, Hlakanyana, You · What happens: deny, have, do, say, pay · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy, Hlakanyana, You), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 boy | det |
| 2 | boy | boy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 denied | nsubj |
| 3 | denied | deny | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | having | have | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 3 denied | xcomp |
| 5 | done | do | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 having | xcomp |
| 6 | so | so | ADV | _ | 5 done | advmod |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 said | punct |
| 8 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 10 said | cc |
| 9 | Hlakanyana | Hlakanyana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 said | nsubj |
| 10 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 denied | conj |
| 11 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 15 pay | punct |
| 12 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 pay | punct |
| 13 | You | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 15 pay | nsubj |
| 14 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 15 pay | aux |
| 15 | pay | pay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 said | ccomp |
| 16 | for | for | ADP | _ | 18 birds | case |
| 17 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 18 birds | nmod:poss |
| 18 | birds | bird | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 pay | obl |
| 19 | with | with | ADP | _ | 23 stick | case |
| 20 | that | that | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 23 stick | det |
| 21 | digging | digging | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 stick | compound |
| 22 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 21 digging | punct |
| 23 | stick | stick | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 pay | obl |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 15 pay | punct |
| 25 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 pay | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | deny | past | the boy | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | |||||
| 2 | have | gerund | the boy not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | do | participle | the boy not said here | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | say speech: assert | past | Hlakanyana | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 5 | pay in a quote | must | You | for my birds; with that digging stick | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for bird=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/207/