Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 414
When she was returning he shouted: “Let all the black cattle which have white teeth be killed.
Who acts: sister, Hlakanyana, black cattle · What happens: return, shout, let, have, kill · To what, where: black cattle, white teeth · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sister, Hlakanyana, black cattle), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | SCONJ | _ | 4 returning | mark |
| 2 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 returning | nsubj |
| 3 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 returning | aux |
| 4 | returning | return | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 6 shouted | advcl |
| 5 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 shouted | nsubj |
| 6 | shouted | shout | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 9 Let | punct |
| 8 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 9 Let | punct |
| 9 | Let | let | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 shouted | ccomp |
| 10 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 13 cattle | det:predet |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 cattle | det |
| 12 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 cattle | amod |
| 13 | cattle | cattle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 Let | obj |
| 14 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 15 have | nsubj |
| 15 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 cattle | acl:relcl |
| 16 | white | white | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 teeth | amod |
| 17 | teeth | tooth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 have | obj |
| 18 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 19 killed | aux:pass |
| 19 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 17 teeth | acl |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 shouted | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | return | past · progressive | sister | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | shout speech: express | past | Hlakanyana | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | let in a quote | infinitive | all black cattle | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cattle=Theme | |||||
| 4 | have in a quote | present | all black cattle | white teeth | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Patient | ||||
| 5 | kill in a quote | infinitive · passive | white teeth not said here | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle» |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/414/