Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Demane and Demazana., sentence 29
He guessed what had happened, and followed the path by means of the ashes until he came to Zim’s dwelling.
Who acts: cave · What happens: guess, happen, follow, mean, come · To what, where: path, dwelling · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Demane and Demazana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (cave), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 guessed | nsubj |
| 2 | guessed | guess | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 5 happened | nsubj |
| 4 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 happened | aux |
| 5 | happened | happen | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 2 guessed | ccomp |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 followed | punct |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 followed | cc |
| 8 | followed | follow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 guessed | conj |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 path | det |
| 10 | path | path | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 followed | obj |
| 11 | by | by | ADP | _ | 12 means | case |
| 12 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 followed | parataxis |
| 13 | of | of | ADP | _ | 15 ashes | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 ashes | det |
| 15 | ashes | ash | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 means | obl |
| 16 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 18 came | mark |
| 17 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 came | nsubj |
| 18 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 means | ccomp |
| 19 | to | to | ADP | _ | 22 dwelling | case |
| 20 | Zim | Zim | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 dwelling | nmod:poss |
| 21 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 20 Zim | case |
| 22 | dwelling | dwelling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 came | obl |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 guessed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | guess | past | cave | vn discover-84 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | happen | past · perfect | what nsubj | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 3 | follow | past | cave not said here | the path | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent path=Theme | ||||
| 4 | mean | present | of the ashes | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 5 | come | past | cave | Zim's dwelling | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to dwelling=Initial_Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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