Kaffir folk-lore, Story of Ironside and His Sister., sentence 47
Ironside said they had gone to a ford further down; but they knew that was not true, so they returned home.
Who acts: Ironside, companions, that · What happens: say, go, know, not be, return · To what, where: ford · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of Ironside and His Sister.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ironside, companions, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ironside | ironside | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 said | nsubj |
| 2 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 gone | nsubj |
| 4 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 gone | aux |
| 5 | gone | go | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 2 said | ccomp |
| 6 | to | to | ADP | _ | 8 ford | case |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 ford | det |
| 8 | ford | ford | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 gone | obl |
| 9 | further | further | ADV | _ | 10 down | advmod |
| 10 | down | down | ADV | _ | 5 gone | advmod |
| 11 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 14 knew | punct |
| 12 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 14 knew | cc |
| 13 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 knew | nsubj |
| 14 | knew | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 said | parataxis |
| 15 | that | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 18 true | nsubj |
| 16 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 true | cop |
| 17 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 18 true | advmod |
| 18 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 knew | ccomp |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 returned | punct |
| 20 | so | so | ADV | _ | 22 returned | advmod |
| 21 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 returned | nsubj |
| 22 | returned | return | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 said | conj |
| 23 | home | home | ADV | _ | 22 returned | advmod |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | Ironside | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | go | past · perfect | companions = companion | a ford | down property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to ford=Initial_Location | |||
| 3 | know | past | companions = companion | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 4 | not is | past | that | true property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | return | past | companions = companion | home property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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