Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Girl and the Mbulu., sentence 12
When she was a little way off, she looked back and saw smoke coming out of the hut, from which she knew that her mother had burned herself and was no longer a person under the sun.
Who acts: woman, smoke · What happens: be, look back, see, come out, know, burn · To what, where: smoke, hut, mother, sun., person · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Girl and the Mbulu.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (woman, smoke), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | SCONJ | _ | 7 off | mark |
| 2 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 off | nsubj |
| 3 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 off | cop |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 way | det |
| 5 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 way | amod |
| 6 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 off | obl:unmarked |
| 7 | off | off | ADV | _ | 10 looked | advcl |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 looked | punct |
| 9 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 looked | nsubj |
| 10 | looked | look | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 11 | back | back | ADV | _ | 10 looked | advmod |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 saw | cc |
| 13 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 looked | conj |
| 14 | smoke | smoke | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 saw | obj |
| 15 | coming | come | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 14 smoke | acl |
| 16 | out | out | ADP | _ | 19 hut | case |
| 17 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 hut | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 hut | det |
| 19 | hut | hut | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 coming | obl |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 knew | punct |
| 21 | from | from | ADP | _ | 22 which | case |
| 22 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 24 knew | obl |
| 23 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 knew | nsubj |
| 24 | knew | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 saw | parataxis |
| 25 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 29 burned | mark |
| 26 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 27 mother | nmod:poss |
| 27 | mother | mother | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 burned | nsubj:pass |
| 28 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 29 burned | aux |
| 29 | burned | burn | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 24 knew | ccomp |
| 30 | herself | herself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 29 burned | obl |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 person | cc |
| 32 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 36 person | cop |
| 33 | no | no | ADV | _ | 34 longer | advmod |
| 34 | longer | long | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 36 person | advmod |
| 35 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 36 person | det |
| 36 | person | person | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 burned | conj |
| 37 | under | under | ADP | _ | 39 sun. | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 sun. | det |
| 39 | sun. | sun. | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 burned | obl |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | woman | a little way obl:unmarked; off property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | look back | past | woman | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | |||||
| 3 | see | past | woman not said here | smoke | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer smoke=Stimulus | ||||
| 4 | come out | gerund | smoke not said here | the hut | vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient hut=Result | ||||
| 5 | know | past | woman | which obl | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | ||||
| 6 | burn | past · perfect · passive | woman's mother | the sun. | woman obl | tree rules | |||
| 7 | is a | past | a person | long property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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