Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 104
A battle between Kaffirs consists of a series of individual encounters, in which the bravest combatants on each side challenge each other by name, and when one falls, another is called upon by the victor to take his place.
Who acts: battle, bravest combatants, one · What happens: consist, challenge, fall, call, take · To what, where: each, another, place · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (battle, bravest combatants, one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 battle | det |
| 2 | battle | battle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 consists | nsubj |
| 3 | between | between | ADP | _ | 4 Kaffirs | case |
| 4 | Kaffirs | Kaffirs | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 battle | nmod |
| 5 | consists | consist | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 series | case |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 series | det |
| 8 | series | series | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 consists | obl |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 encounters | case |
| 10 | individual | individual | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 encounters | amod |
| 11 | encounters | encounter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 series | nmod |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 challenge | punct |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 14 which | case |
| 14 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 21 challenge | obl |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 combatants | det |
| 16 | bravest | brave | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 17 combatants | amod |
| 17 | combatants | combatant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 challenge | nsubj |
| 18 | on | on | ADP | _ | 20 side | case |
| 19 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 20 side | det |
| 20 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 combatants | nmod |
| 21 | challenge | challenge | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 consists | conj |
| 22 | each | each | DET | ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp | 21 challenge | obj |
| 23 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 each | fixed |
| 24 | by | by | ADP | _ | 25 name | case |
| 25 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 challenge | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 called | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 called | cc |
| 28 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 30 falls | mark |
| 29 | one | one | PRON | Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 30 falls | nsubj |
| 30 | falls | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 called | advcl |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 falls | punct |
| 32 | another | another | DET | PronType=Ind | 34 called | nsubj:pass |
| 33 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 called | aux:pass |
| 34 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 consists | parataxis |
| 35 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 38 victor | case |
| 36 | by | by | ADP | _ | 38 victor | case |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 victor | det |
| 38 | victor | victor | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 called | obl |
| 39 | to | to | PART | _ | 40 take | mark |
| 40 | take | take | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 34 called | advcl |
| 41 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 42 place | nmod:poss |
| 42 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 take | obj |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 consists | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | consist | present | a battle between Kaffirs | of a series of individual encounters | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | challenge | present | the bravest combatants on each side | each | by name; which obl | tree rules | |||
| 3 | fall | present | one | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | call | present · passive | another | upon the victor | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | ||||
| 5 | take | to-infinitive | battle's place | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent place=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/104/