Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 105
The height of ambition is to be mentioned in one of the rude chants which the bards, whose principal employment is to sing the praises of the chief, compose on the occasions of festivals, and to hear one’s name received with applause.
Who acts: rude chants, principal employment, one name · What happens: mention, bard, be, compose, hear, receive · To what, where: height, occasions, chief, festivals · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rude chants, principal employment, one name), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 height | det |
| 2 | height | height | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 mentioned | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 ambition | case |
| 4 | ambition | ambition | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 height | nmod |
| 5 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 mentioned | aux:pass |
| 6 | to | to | PART | _ | 8 mentioned | mark |
| 7 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 8 mentioned | aux:pass |
| 8 | mentioned | mention | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 9 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 one | case |
| 10 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 8 mentioned | obl |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 14 chants | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 chants | det |
| 13 | rude | rude | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 chants | amod |
| 14 | chants | chant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 one | nmod |
| 15 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 17 bards | nsubj |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 bards | det |
| 17 | bards | bard | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 chants | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 sing | punct |
| 19 | whose | whose | PRON | Poss=Yes PronType=Rel | 21 employment | nmod:poss |
| 20 | principal | principal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 employment | amod |
| 21 | employment | employment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 sing | nsubj |
| 22 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 sing | cop |
| 23 | to | to | PART | _ | 24 sing | mark |
| 24 | sing | sing | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 17 bards | parataxis |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 praises | det |
| 26 | praises | praise | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 sing | obj |
| 27 | of | of | ADP | _ | 29 chief | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 chief | det |
| 29 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 praises | nmod |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 compose | punct |
| 31 | compose | compose | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 sing | conj |
| 32 | on | on | ADP | _ | 34 occasions | case |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 occasions | det |
| 34 | occasions | occasion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 compose | obl |
| 35 | of | of | ADP | _ | 36 festivals | case |
| 36 | festivals | festival | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 occasions | nmod |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 hear | punct |
| 38 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 hear | cc |
| 39 | to | to | PART | _ | 40 hear | mark |
| 40 | hear | hear | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 mentioned | conj |
| 41 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 43 name | nummod |
| 42 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 41 one | case |
| 43 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 received | nsubj |
| 44 | received | receive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 40 hear | ccomp |
| 45 | with | with | ADP | _ | 46 applause | case |
| 46 | applause | applause | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 received | obl |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 mentioned | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mention speech: other | present · passive | the height of ambition | in one of the rude chants | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic | ||||
| 2 | bard | the rude chants | tree rules | ||||||
| 3 | is | present | principal employment | the praises of the chief obj; sing property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | compose | infinitive | principal employment not said here | the occasions of festivals | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | hear | to-infinitive | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | ||||||
| 6 | receive | past | one name | with applause | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 7 | praise | the chief | nom praise «communication transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 8 | occasion | festivals | nom occasion «event transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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