Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 106
The brave wear on their heads the feathers of the blue crane, which are given to them by the chief as tokens of distinction, and which no one else is permitted to wear (except a single individual at a peculiar ceremony which will be referred to in a note upon the custom of ntonjane).
Who acts: chief · What happens: give, permit, wear, refer · To what, where: feathers, occasions, one, single individual, peculiar ceremony, note
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 wear | det |
| 2 | brave | brave | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 wear | amod |
| 3 | wear | wear | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 feathers | nsubj |
| 4 | on | on | ADP | _ | 6 heads | case |
| 5 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 heads | nmod:poss |
| 6 | heads | head | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 wear | nmod |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 feathers | det |
| 8 | feathers | feather | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 crane | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 crane | det |
| 11 | blue | blue | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 crane | amod |
| 12 | crane | crane | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 feathers | nmod |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 given | punct |
| 14 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 16 given | nsubj |
| 15 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 given | aux:pass |
| 16 | given | give | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 feathers | acl |
| 17 | to | to | ADP | _ | 18 them | case |
| 18 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 given | obl |
| 19 | by | by | ADP | _ | 21 chief | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 chief | det |
| 21 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 given | obl |
| 22 | as | as | ADP | _ | 23 tokens | case |
| 23 | tokens | token | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 chief | nmod |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 distinction | case |
| 25 | distinction | distinction | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 tokens | nmod |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 permitted | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 permitted | cc |
| 28 | which | which | DET | PronType=Int | 30 one | det |
| 29 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 30 one | det |
| 30 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 permitted | nsubj:pass |
| 31 | else | else | ADV | _ | 30 one | advmod |
| 32 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 33 permitted | aux:pass |
| 33 | permitted | permit | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 16 given | conj |
| 34 | to | to | PART | _ | 35 wear | mark |
| 35 | wear | wear | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 33 permitted | xcomp |
| 36 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 40 individual | punct |
| 37 | except | except | ADP | _ | 40 individual | case |
| 38 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 40 individual | det |
| 39 | single | single | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 individual | amod |
| 40 | individual | individual | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 wear | obj |
| 41 | at | at | ADP | _ | 44 ceremony | case |
| 42 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 44 ceremony | det |
| 43 | peculiar | peculiar | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 ceremony | compound |
| 44 | ceremony | ceremony | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 individual | nmod |
| 45 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 48 referred | nsubj:pass |
| 46 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 48 referred | aux |
| 47 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 48 referred | aux:pass |
| 48 | referred | refer | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 40 individual | parataxis |
| 49 | to | to | ADP | _ | 48 referred | obl |
| 50 | in | in | ADP | _ | 52 note | case |
| 51 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 52 note | det |
| 52 | note | note | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 referred | obl |
| 53 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 55 custom | case |
| 54 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 55 custom | det |
| 55 | custom | custom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 referred | obl |
| 56 | of | of | ADP | _ | 57 ntonjane | case |
| 57 | ntonjane | ntonjane | NOUN | Number=Sing | 55 custom | nmod |
| 58 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 40 individual | punct |
| 59 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 feathers | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | give | present · passive | the chief as tokens of distinction | the feathers the brave wear on occasions's heads of the blue crane | occasions = occasion | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent subject=Theme to they=Recipient | |||
| 2 | permit | present · passive | which one | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 3 | wear not said to happen | to-infinitive | a single individual | a peculiar ceremony | vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent individual=Source | ||||
| 4 | refer | future · passive | a single individual | a note | upon the custom of ntonjane | vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: subject=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/106/