Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 107
Horned cattle constitute their principal wealth, and form a medium of exchange throughout the country.
Who acts: Horned cattle · What happens: constitute, form · To what, where: principal wealth, medium
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Horned cattle), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Horned | horned | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 cattle | amod |
| 2 | cattle | cattle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 constitute | nsubj |
| 3 | constitute | constitute | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 wealth | nmod:poss |
| 5 | principal | principal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 wealth | amod |
| 6 | wealth | wealth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 constitute | obj |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 form | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 form | cc |
| 9 | form | form | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 3 constitute | parataxis |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 medium | det |
| 11 | medium | medium | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 form | obj |
| 12 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 exchange | case |
| 13 | exchange | exchange | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 medium | nmod |
| 14 | throughout | throughout | ADP | _ | 16 country | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 country | det |
| 16 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 form | obl |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 constitute | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | constitute | present | Horned cattle | cattle's principal wealth | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme wealth=Pivot | ||||
| 2 | form | infinitive | a medium of exchange | throughout the country | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location medium=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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