Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 13
On the coast they had then reached the Keiskama River, and there is good reason to believe that inland their outposts extended westward as far as the site of the present village of Somerset East.
Who acts: laws, Keiskama River, outposts · What happens: have, reach, be, believe, extend · To what, where: coast, good reason, site
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (laws, Keiskama River, outposts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | On | on | ADP | _ | 3 coast | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 coast | det |
| 3 | coast | coast | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 reached | obl |
| 4 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 had | nsubj |
| 5 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 coast | acl:relcl |
| 6 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 7 reached | advmod |
| 7 | reached | reach | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 River | det |
| 9 | Keiskama | Keiskama | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 River | compound |
| 10 | River | River | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 reason | nsubj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 is | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 is | cc |
| 13 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 14 is | expl |
| 14 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 reason | cop |
| 15 | good | good | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 reason | amod |
| 16 | reason | reason | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 reached | obj |
| 17 | to | to | PART | _ | 18 believe | mark |
| 18 | believe | believe | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 16 reason | acl |
| 19 | that | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 18 believe | obj |
| 20 | inland | inland | ADV | _ | 23 extended | advmod |
| 21 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 22 outposts | nmod:poss |
| 22 | outposts | outpost | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 extended | nsubj |
| 23 | extended | extend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 believe | advcl |
| 24 | westward | westward | ADV | _ | 26 far | advmod |
| 25 | as | as | ADV | _ | 26 far | advmod |
| 26 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 29 site | advmod |
| 27 | as | as | ADP | _ | 29 site | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 site | det |
| 29 | site | site | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 extended | obj |
| 30 | of | of | ADP | _ | 33 village | case |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 village | det |
| 32 | present | present | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 village | amod |
| 33 | village | village | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 site | nmod |
| 34 | of | of | ADP | _ | 36 East | case |
| 35 | Somerset | Somerset | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 East | compound |
| 36 | East | East | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 village | nmod |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 reached | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | past | laws = law | the coast not said here | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coast=Patient | ||||
| 2 | reach | past | the coast | then | vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | is a | present | the Keiskama River | good reason | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | believe | to-infinitive | good reason | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer that=Stimulus | |||||
| 5 | extend | past | laws's outposts | the site of the present village of Somerset East | inland property | vn body_motion-49.2-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent site=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/13/