Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 164
In various parts of the Kaffir country there are artificial heaps of stones, and a Kaffir, when travelling, may often be seen adding one to the number.
Who acts: artificial heaps · What happens: be, travel, see, add · To what, where: artificial heaps, various parts, Kaffir, one
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (artificial heaps), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 parts | case |
| 2 | various | various | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 parts | amod |
| 3 | parts | part | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 heaps | obl |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 7 country | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 country | det |
| 6 | Kaffir | Kaffir | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 country | compound |
| 7 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 are | obl |
| 8 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 9 are | expl |
| 9 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 11 heaps | cop |
| 10 | artificial | artificial | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 heaps | amod |
| 11 | heaps | heap | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 12 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 stones | case |
| 13 | stones | stone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 heaps | nmod |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 seen | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 seen | cc |
| 16 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 17 Kaffir | det |
| 17 | Kaffir | Kaffir | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 seen | nsubj:pass |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 travelling | punct |
| 19 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 20 travelling | advmod |
| 20 | travelling | travel | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 17 Kaffir | acl |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 Kaffir | punct |
| 22 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 25 seen | aux |
| 23 | often | often | ADV | _ | 25 seen | advmod |
| 24 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 25 seen | aux:pass |
| 25 | seen | see | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 heaps | acl |
| 26 | adding | add | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 25 seen | advcl |
| 27 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 26 adding | obj |
| 28 | to | to | ADP | _ | 30 number | case |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 number | det |
| 30 | number | number | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 one | nmod |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 11 heaps | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | artificial heaps | various parts | of stones | tree rules | |||
| 2 | travel | gerund | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 3 | see | may · passive | artificial heaps not said here | a Kaffir | often property | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus | |||
| 4 | add speech: assert | gerund | artificial heaps not said here | one | to the number | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent one=Patient to number=Co-Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/164/