Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 22
In a condition independent of European control, each Kaffir tribe is presided over by a great chief, whose government is, however, but little felt beyond his own immediate clan, each petty division being under a ruler who is in reality nearly independent.
Who acts: little, ruler · What happens: be, feel · To what, where: Kaffir tribe, condition, own immediate clan, reality
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (little, ruler), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 condition | case |
| 2 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 condition | det |
| 3 | condition | condition | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 presided | obl |
| 4 | independent | independent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 condition | amod |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 7 control | case |
| 6 | European | European | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 control | amod |
| 7 | control | control | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 independent | obl |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 condition | punct |
| 9 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 11 tribe | det |
| 10 | Kaffir | Kaffir | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 tribe | compound |
| 11 | tribe | tribe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 presided | nsubj:pass |
| 12 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 presided | aux:pass |
| 13 | presided | preside | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 14 | over | over | ADP | _ | 13 presided | compound:prt |
| 15 | by | by | ADP | _ | 18 chief | case |
| 16 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 chief | det |
| 17 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 chief | amod |
| 18 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 presided | obl |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 government | punct |
| 20 | whose | whose | PRON | Poss=Yes PronType=Rel | 21 government | nmod:poss |
| 21 | government | government | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 chief | conj |
| 22 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 presided | cop |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 however | punct |
| 24 | however | however | ADV | _ | 13 presided | advmod |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 felt | punct |
| 26 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 28 felt | cc |
| 27 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 felt | nsubj |
| 28 | felt | feel | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 presided | conj |
| 29 | beyond | beyond | ADP | _ | 33 clan | case |
| 30 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 33 clan | nmod:poss |
| 31 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 clan | amod |
| 32 | immediate | immediate | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 clan | amod |
| 33 | clan | clan | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 felt | obl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 division | punct |
| 35 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 37 division | det |
| 36 | petty | petty | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 division | compound |
| 37 | division | division | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 clan | appos |
| 38 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 37 division | acl |
| 39 | under | under | ADP | _ | 41 ruler | case |
| 40 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 41 ruler | det |
| 41 | ruler | ruler | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 being | obl |
| 42 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 47 independent | nsubj |
| 43 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 47 independent | cop |
| 44 | in | in | ADP | _ | 45 reality | case |
| 45 | reality | reality | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 independent | obl |
| 46 | nearly | nearly | ADV | _ | 47 independent | advmod |
| 47 | independent | independent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 ruler | acl:relcl |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 presided | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present · passive | each Kaffir tribe | a condition | by a great chief and a great chief and a great chief's government's government; however, preside property | tree rules | |||
| 2 | feel | past | little | tribe's own immediate clan | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: agent=Agent beyond clan=Location | ||||
| 3 | is | present | a ruler | reality | independent, nearly property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/22/