Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 23
The person of a chief is inviolable, and an indignity offered to one of them is considered a crime of the gravest nature.
Who acts: person · What happens: be, offer, consider, incriminate · To what, where: indignity, one, gravest nature
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (person), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 person | det |
| 2 | person | person | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 inviolable | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 chief | case |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 chief | det |
| 5 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 person | nmod |
| 6 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 inviolable | cop |
| 7 | inviolable | inviolable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 considered | punct |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 considered | cc |
| 10 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 indignity | det |
| 11 | indignity | indignity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 considered | nsubj:pass |
| 12 | offered | offer | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 indignity | acl |
| 13 | to | to | ADP | _ | 14 one | case |
| 14 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 12 offered | obl |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 them | case |
| 16 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 one | nmod |
| 17 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 considered | aux:pass |
| 18 | considered | consider | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 inviolable | advcl |
| 19 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 crime | det |
| 20 | crime | crime | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 considered | obj |
| 21 | of | of | ADP | _ | 24 nature | case |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 nature | det |
| 23 | gravest | grave | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 24 nature | amod |
| 24 | nature | nature | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 crime | nmod |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 inviolable | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | the person of a chief | inviolable property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | offer | participle | a indignity not said here | one of roots | vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent to one=Goal | ||||
| 3 | consider | present · passive | a indignity | a crime of the gravest nature obj | vn consider-29.9-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Theme crime=Attribute | ||||
| 4 | incriminate | the gravest nature | nom crime «act transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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