Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 5
They have no word by which to signify the whole race, but each tribe has its own title, which is usually the name of its first great chief, with the plural prefix Ama or Aba.
Who acts: stories, word, tribe, own title · What happens: have, signify, be, title · To what, where: word, whole race, own title, name
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stories, word, tribe, own title), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 have | nsubj |
| 2 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 4 word | det |
| 4 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 have | obj |
| 5 | by | by | ADP | _ | 6 which | case |
| 6 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 signify | nsubj |
| 7 | to | to | PART | _ | 8 signify | mark |
| 8 | signify | signify | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 word | acl:relcl |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 race | det |
| 10 | whole | whole | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 race | amod |
| 11 | race | race | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 signify | obj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 has | punct |
| 13 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 16 has | cc |
| 14 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 15 tribe | det |
| 15 | tribe | tribe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 has | nsubj |
| 16 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 have | conj |
| 17 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 19 title | nmod:poss |
| 18 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 title | amod |
| 19 | title | title | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 has | obj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 name | punct |
| 21 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 25 name | nsubj |
| 22 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 name | cop |
| 23 | usually | usually | ADV | _ | 25 name | advmod |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 name | det |
| 25 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 title | conj |
| 26 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 chief | case |
| 27 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 30 chief | nmod:poss |
| 28 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 30 chief | amod |
| 29 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 chief | amod |
| 30 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 name | nmod |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 prefix | punct |
| 32 | with | with | ADP | _ | 35 prefix | case |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 prefix | det |
| 34 | plural | plural | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 prefix | amod |
| 35 | prefix | prefix | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 title | conj |
| 36 | Ama | Ama | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 prefix | appos |
| 37 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 38 Aba | cc |
| 38 | Aba | Aba | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 Ama | conj |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 have | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | stories = story | no word | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient | ||||
| 2 | signify | to-infinitive | no word | the whole race | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot race=Theme | ||||
| 3 | have | present | each tribe | word's own title and the name and the plural prefix | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent title=Patient | ||||
| 4 | is a | present | word's own title and the name and the plural prefix | the name | of word's first great chief; usually property | tree rules | |||
| 5 | title | word | nom title «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/5/